David Atkinson 

2nd Edition, 1999

Contents

Preface

1. Revivals
2. Collecting and fieldwork
3. Singers and their songs
4. Song and ballad research

4.1. Approaches to folk song and balladry
4.2. The music of folk songs and ballads
4.3. Studies of selected folk songs and ballads

5. Song and ballad collections

5.1. General collections
5.2. North-east England
5.3. North-west England
5.4. Yorkshire and Lincolnshire
5.5. The Midlands
5.6. East Anglia
5.7. South-west England
5.8. Southern England

6. Early manuscripts, early print, and broadsides

7. Occupational songs

7.1. Various occupations
7.2. Sailors’ songs and songs of the sea
7.3. Miners’ songs
7.4. Soldiers’ songs
7.5. Songs of agricultural work

8. Travellers’ songs
9. Carols
10. Songs associated with customs
11. Children’s Songs
12. Bibliographies, databases, and other aids to research
13. Websites
14. Manuscript Collections in the VWML

Author/editor/name index

Preface

This bibliography is intended to serve both as an introduction to the study of English folk song, and as a guide to the numerous collections of songs which exist in print and manuscript. It is intended to be of assistance both to students of the subject, and to those who wish to sing the songs. The annotations offer a very brief guide to the nature of each item.

The term ‘folk song’ is retained here, in spite of the difficulties it raises over the types of songs and the nature of their singers. The phrase has been consistently used, and a measure of imprecision in what is meant by it is probably a good thing. If a description has to be offered, it is a song of a kind which is known to have been passed from person to person for their own cultural use, often though not always orally, and which has been shaped stylistically by this process, as well as songs of similar style which may be known only from printed sources. Folk songs accordingly tend to exhibit characteristics of ‘continuity and variation’ or ‘stability and change’. Occasionally, ‘traditional song’ is used as an alternative, although ‘traditional singing’ can encompass a wider range of material sung under similar circumstances. It seems necessary to provide an idea of the scope of the bibliography, and to alert users to the difficulties surrounding the terminology, but fortunately it is not the function of a bibliography to resolve them.

The bibliography makes no claim to be comprehensive, but it is based on the holdings of the Vaughan Williams Memorial Library of the English Folk Dance and Song Society, which is the primary resource for the study of English folk song. The focus is on English song, but it should also be said that the library contains substantial collections from all over the world.

I am very grateful to Malcolm Taylor, Librarian at the Vaughan Williams Memorial Library, who persuaded me to undertake this work and has provided invaluable help, and also to all those who helped with and commented on the first edition. The errors that remain are mine alone.

The following abbreviations are used:

EFDSS English Folk Dance and Song Society

JAF Journal of American Folklore

JEFDSS Journal of the English Folk Dance and Song Society

FMJ Folk Music Journal

ED&S English Dance and Song

JFSS Journal of the Folk-Song Society

VWML Vaughan Williams Memorial Library

1. Revivals

The ‘rediscovery’ of English folk song has taken place in two (not entirely discrete) waves. The first gathered momentum in the last decades of the nineteenth century and flourished in the early part of the twentieth. This ‘first’ revival arose out of a desire to collect and preserve what was held to be archetypically English song. The ‘second’ (post-war) folk revival has made extensive use of the materials collected in the first revival, but has also in part been a reaction to the way in which the earlier collectors selectively edited their material and arranged it for a more middle-class audience.

A significant reassessment of the English folk song revivals is taking place at the present time. The different, but in some degree complementary, studies of Gammon, Harker, and Boyes have established something of an orthodoxy which, from a perspective which can be described in general terms as that of the social historian, regards revival as a conscious and selective exercise in cultural intervention and the invention of an artificial construct known as the ‘folk’. This orthodoxy is itself now being questioned, and this is a very exciting period for research into folk song revivals.

Examples of some of the other approaches to the study of the folk revival(s) include the ideological (e.g. Watson), the sociological (e.g. MacKinnon), and that of popular music studies (e.g. Middleton). Also included here are two books which are not ectly about the English revival—Munro’s description of the post-war Scottish revival, and Rosenberg’s collection of essays about the North American revival—but which provide valuable comparative perspectives on the English experience.

An adequate history of either the first or the second revival has yet to be written, although studies of individual figures are beginning to appear (e.g. Francmanis’s study of Frank Kidson), and several researchers are currently investigating the history of both periods of revival activity. A few biographies of important revival figures are also included here.

Information on the post-war revival can also be gleaned from the pages of magazines such as Folk Review, Sing, Spin, and more recently Folk Roots and The Living Tradition.

Cross-references: A study of the post-war revival from the perspective of popular music studies has been published on the World Wide Web (482). Armstrong gives a revival singer’s perspective on singing ballads (41). Several studies of songs and ballads are also of relevance to the study of revivals (e.g. 82, 83, 99, 105, 119, 133, 148).

1. Armstrong, Frankie, and Brian Pearson. ‘Some Reflections on the English Folk Revival’. History Workshop Journal 7 (1979): 95-100.

• A highly personal account of the ideology of the early post-war revival.

2. Boyes, Georgina. The Imagined Village: Culture, Ideology and the English Folk Revival. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1993.

• A book-length study of the social and intellectual background to the folk song revival, and the personalities involved, up until shortly after World War II.

3. Cox, Gordon. ‘The Legacy of Folk Song: The Influence of Cecil Sharp on Music Education’. British Journal of Music Education 7/2 (1990): 89-97.

• Considers an area in which Sharp was deeply involved and made a significant impact.

4. Fox Strangways, A. H. Cecil Sharp. London: Oxford University Press, 1933.

• The most straightforward, if uncritical, account of Sharp’s life and work.

5. Francmanis, John Valdis. ‘The Musical Sherlock Holmes: Frank Kidson and the English Folk Music Revival, c. 1890-1926’. PhD thesis, Leeds Metropolitan University, 1997.

• A substantial piece of historical research into one of the leading early collectors and the context of the early revival (a copy of the thesis is held in the VWML).

6. Gammon, Vic. ‘Folk Song Collecting in Sussex and Surrey, 1843-1914’. History Workshop Journal 10 (1980): 61-89.

• A pioneering historical-critical study of the selective aims and methods of quite a number of the early folk song collectors and of the ideas that guided them.

7. Harker, Dave. One for the Money: Politics and Popular Song. London: Hutchinson, 1980.

• Explains the development of post-war popular song in terms of commercial manipulation, and looks at the claims of folk song to be regarded as ideologically different in this respect. Harker’s ideas about folk song were subsequently developed much further in Fakesong.

8. Harker, Dave. Fakesong: The Manufacture of British ‘Folksong’ 1700 to the Present Day. Milton Keynes: Open University Press, 1985.

• Traces the ‘bourgeois’ ideologies behind the collecting and publishing of folk songs. A thought-provoking book which challenges many of the basic assumptions of folk enthusiasts, but which is prone to overstatement and misrepresentation in the single-minded pursuit of its thesis.

9. Karpeles, Maud. Cecil Sharp: His Life and Work. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1967.

• A re-writing of Fox-Strangways’ earlier biography by Sharp’s long-time assistant, intended to reaffirm Sharp’s pre-eminence in the revival of folk song in England.

10. MacColl, Ewan. Journeyman: An Autobiography. Introduction by Peggy Seeger. London: Sidgwick & Jackson, 1990.

• Probably more interesting for what it does not say than for what it does, the autobiography of one of the most prominent and controversial figures of the post-war revival is a fascinating piece of myth-making.

11. MacKinnon, Niall. The British Folk Scene: Musical Performance and Social Identity. Buckingham: Open University Press, 1993.

• A sociological study of the post-war folk revival in both England and Scotland (with little discrimination), based on extensive surveys and interviews with participants, which generally takes a sympathetic view of the revival as a cultural activity.

12. Middleton, Richard. Studying Popular Music. Milton Keynes: Open University Press, 1990.

• A standard textbook of popular music studies, which includes a rather hostile account of folk song, denying, in effect, the perceived difference of folk song from other kinds of popular music.

13. Munro, Ailie. The Democratic Muse: Folk Music Revival in Scotland. Including Folk Revival in Gaelic Song, by Morag MacLeod. 2nd ed. of The Folk Music Revival in Scotland [1984]. Aberdeen: Scottish Cultural Press, 1996.

• A very readable account of the post-war revival in Scotland, which in ectly suggests both similarities and some important differences in relation to the English experience.

14. Porter, Gerald. ‘"The World’s Ill-Divided": The Communist Party and Progressive Song’. A Weapon in the Struggle: The Cultural History of the Communist Party. Ed. Andy Croft. London: Pluto Press, 1998: 171-191.

• A reconsideration of the place of the Communist Party of Great Britain in the development of the post-war revival.

15. Rosenberg, Neil V., ed. Transforming Tradition: Folk Music Revivals Examined. Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1993.

• An impressive collection of fifteen essays and an introduction discussing folk music revivals in North America, with some allusions to the British experience, which suggests many historical parallels, influences, and distinctions, and raises many challenging theoretical issues.

16. Russell, Dave. Popular Music in England, 1840-1914: A Social History. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1987.

• Provides a social and musical backdrop to the early stages of the English folk revival.

17. Smith, John L. ‘The Ethogenics of Music Performance: a Case Study of the Glebe Live Music Club’. Everyday Culture: Popular Song and the Vernacular Milieu. Ed. Michael Pickering and Tony Green. Milton Keynes: Open University Press, 1987: 150-172.

• A study of singing and of social interaction in a folk or ‘live music’ club in Sunderland, using a ‘role-rule’ model from social psychology to describe the behaviour of individuals in a special-interest group.

18. Stradling, Robert, and Meirion Hughes. The English Musical Renaissance 1860-1940: Construction and Deconstruction. London: Routledge, 1993.

• A historical analysis of the drive in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries for the development of a distinctively English national music, which became identified with folk music, particularly through the work of Vaughan Williams.

19. Sykes, Richard. ‘The Evolution of Englishness in the English Folksong Revival, 1890-1914’. FMJ 6 (1993): 446-490.

• A detailed study of the significance of nationalism and the development of a concept of English identity as part of the cultural and political climate of the revival.

20. Vaughan Williams, Ralph. National Music. London: Oxford University Press, 1934. Rpt. in National Music and Other Essays. 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987.

• Vaughan Williams’s seminal exposition of his ideas on folk song and national musical culture, which gave impetus to the early English revival.

21. Watson, Ian. Song and Democratic Culture in Britain: An Approach to Popular Culture in Social Movements. London: Croom Helm, 1983.

• An attempt to establish the central place of folk song in a cultural opposition to other popular forms motivated primarily by commercialism. Heavily informed by Marxism, the argument draws on ideas about industrial song developed by A. L. Lloyd, and extends to the revival and the work of later writers of oppositional songs in the traditional idiom. Ultimately, the book is probably of greater value in analysing the post-war folk revival than for studying folk song at large.

2. Collecting and fieldwork

 The early collectors of English folk song were not always equally interested in preserving the words and the tunes of the songs they collected. Moreover, some of the collectors of the early revival in particular made substantial editorial alterations before they could publish the songs, for example for use in schools or for a popular middle-class readership.

The items listed below include studies of some of the collectors and their methods, and of their published collections and surviving manuscripts.

Cross-references: There is also some discussion of the work of collectors in studies of revivals and of singers (e.g. 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 47, 59).

 22. Bearman, C. J. ‘The Lucy Broadwood Collection: An Interim Report’. FMJ 7 (1997): 357-365.

• A description of the Broadwood collection, which has been catalogued in new detail.

23. Bishop, Julia C. ‘"Dr Carpenter from the Harvard College in America’: An Introduction to James Madison Carpenter and His Collection’. FMJ 7 (1998): 402-420.

• An account of Carpenter’s vast (and, until recently, relatively unknown) collections made in England, Scotland, Ireland, and Wales in the late 1920s/early 1930s.

24. Bradtke, Elaine. ‘The H. Hurlbutt Albino Folk Music Collection (1913-38)’. FMJ 7 (1996):205-215.

• Describes a little-known collection of songs, mostly from Gloucestershire, held in the VWML.

25. Clissold, Ivor. ‘Alfred Williams, Song Collector’. FMJ 1 (1969): 293-300.

• A brief account of the self-styled ‘Hammerman Poet’, railway-worker, writer on rural life, and folk song collector in the upper Thames region.

26. Davies, Gwilym. ‘Percy Grainger’s Folk Music Research in Gloucestershire, Worcestershire, and Warwickshire, 1907-1909’. FMJ 6 (1992): 339-358.

• Considers Grainger’s lesser-known collecting activities outside of Lincolnshire, and makes some comparisons with the work of other collectors.

27. Dawney, Michael. ‘George Butterworth’s Folk Music Manuscripts. FMJ 3 (1976): 99-113.

• An introduction to the fieldwork of one of the early collectors, with several songs. Butterworth is well known as a composer who made significant use of folk song melodies, and was killed in World War I.

28. Deacon, George. John Clare and the Folk Tradition. London: Sinclair Browne, 1983.

• A study of the poet John Clare as song collector and of the influence folk songs had upon him, which also reproduces traditional songs, tunes, and dances known to him.

29. Grainger, Percy. ‘Collecting with the Phonograph’. JFSS 3 (1908): 147-162.

• An early account of the advantages of mechanical recording for folk song collecting, deriving from the ability to pick up a singer’s nuances in an uninterrupted performance. Several of the early collectors experimented with the phonograph, but Grainger was the most enthusiastic and systematic, and he encountered some scepticism, not to say hostility, from his contemporaries (see also 40).

30. Greig, Rory. ‘The Social Context of Traditional Song: Some Notes on Collecting’. Lore and Language 1/5 (July 1971): 1-5.

• Discusses the social background of some Lincolnshire singers and its influence on their singing, from the point of view of a recent fieldworker.

31. Kendall, Tony. ‘"Through Bushes and Through Briars…": Vaughan Williams’s Earliest Folk-Song Collecting’. Vaughan Williams in Perspective: Studies of an English Composer. Ed. Lewis Foreman. N.p.: Albion Press for the Vaughan Williams Society, 1998: 48-68.

• A reconsideration of Vaughan Williams’s discovery of folk song.

32. Olson, Ian. ‘The Folk Song Society’s Hints for Collectors (1898)’. ED&S 57/1 (1995): 2-5.

• A reassessment of some of the methods for song collecting set out by Kate Lee in the early days of the Folk Song Society and the first revival.

33. Palmer, Roy. ‘Kidson’s Collecting’. FMJ 5 (1986): 150-175.

• A substantial, and largely sympathetic, appraisal of the methods of one of the nineteenth century English collectors, whose interest was nevertheless more in tunes than in words (see also 5).

34. Palmer, Roy, ‘An Era of Song, Ninety Years Ago’. ED&S 56/3 (1994): 14-16.

• Describes folk singing competitions which were held in various places in the early twentieth century, and which provided material for some of the early collectors.

35. Pickering, Michael. ‘Janet Blunt - Folk Song Collector and Lady of the Manor’. FMJ 3 (1976): 114-149.

• A slightly unsympathetic account of Janet Heatley Blunt’s collecting, mainly in Adderbury, Oxfordshire, in the early decades of the twentieth century (see also 128).

36. Purslow, Frank. ‘The George Gardiner Folk Song Collection. FMJ 1 (1967): 129-157.

• Describes the work of an early collector, and includes songs collected in Hampshire.

37. Purslow, Frank. ‘The Hammond Brothers’ Folk Song Collection’. FMJ 1 (1968): 236-266.

• A description of the work of two early collectors, with some songs they collected.

38. Purslow, Frank. ‘The Williams Manuscripts’. FMJ 1 (1969): 301-315.

• Describes the collection of folk songs (without tunes) made in the upper Thames region around 1914 by Alfred Williams, and includes some songs from the manuscript. The manuscript seems not necessarily to represent the material as it was collected in the field, but it does include items not readily classified as folk songs which people were nonetheless evidently singing.

39. Yates, Michael. ‘The Early Western Song Collectors’. ED&S 33 (1971): 8-9.

• A brief introduction to some of the early collectors of songs in the west of England.

40. Yates, Michael. ‘Percy Grainger and the Impact of the Phonograph’. FMJ 4 (1982): 265-275.

• Traces reactions to Grainger’s pioneering use of mechanical recording technology for folk song collecting in the first decade of the twentieth century (see also 29). He encountered scepticism from contemporaries like Cecil Sharp and Anne Gilchrist.

3. Singers and their songs

 The early collectors of English folk songs are sometimes charged with having given scant attention to the individuals from whom they collected songs. To some extent, this accusation may simply reflect changed views of social relations. It is possible, too, to find more information than has been recognised in the notes and prefaces to the published volumes of collectors like Sabine Baring-Gould and Alfred Williams, as well as in manuscripts.

The post-war period has seen more information published about singers, but even so there are still few substantial accounts. Notable exceptions are the three books by Bob Copper. Nevertheless, the shorter pieces included here can still give a feeling for the singers and their songs. Also included here is a considered piece by a revival singer (Armstrong).

There are other pieces on traditional singers to be found in the pages of magazines such as ED&S, and Traditional Music/Musical Traditions both in its older paper format and its current electronic format (482).

 Cross-references: There is also information on singers to be found in works of folk song research (e.g. 34, 93, 107, 108, 126, 128, 144, 145, 146, 147, 152, 405, 416, 419).

41. Armstrong, Frankie (with editorial assistance from Brian Pearson). ‘On Singing Child Ballads’. Ballads into Books: The Legacies of Francis James Child. Ed. Tom Cheesman and Sigrid Rieuwerts. Selected Papers from the 26th International Ballad Conference (SIEF Ballad Commission), Swansea, Wales, 19-24 July 1996. Bern: Peter Lang, 1997: 249-258.

• A thoughtful, personal account of ballad singing by a well-known revival singer.

42. Arthur, Dave, ed. ‘Bob Roberts: Bargeman’. ED&S 44/1 (1982): 11-13; 44/2 (1982): 12-15.

• A short, edited autobiography of one of the last sailing-barge skippers, who was also a great singer especially of songs about the sea.

43. Baring-Gould, Sabine. ‘Among the Western Song-Men’. ED&S 27 (1965): 70-72.

• Extracts from an article by Baring-Gould in The English Illustrated Magazine, 1892, describing some of the singers from whom he collected songs in the west country.

44. Burstow, Henry. Reminiscences of Horsham, Being Recollections of Henry Burstow, the Celebrated Bell-ringer and Song Singer, with Some Account of the Old Bell Foundry at Horsham, of the Horsham Parish Church Bells and of Famous Peals Rung by Horsham Ringers, Together with a List of the 400 and Odd Songs He Sings from Memory. Horsham: Free Christian Church Book Society, 1911.

• An account of the Sussex singer, whose songs were collected by Lucy Broadwood.

45. Carroll, Jim. ‘Michael McCarthy, Singer and Ballad Seller’. Singer, Song and Scholar. Ed. Ian Russell. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1986: 19-29.

• An appreciation of an Irish traveller and singer resident in England.

46. Copper, Bob. A Song for Every Season: A Hundred Years of a Sussex Farming Family. London: Heinemann, 1971. New ed. Peacehaven: Coppersongs, 1997.

• The first of Bob Copper’s books describes the life of one of England’s most celebrated families of traditional singers, and places the songs in the context of their everyday life. The book include songs from the family’s repertoire.

47. Copper, Bob. Songs and Southern Breezes: Country Folk and Country Ways. London: Heinemann, 1973.

• Describes the songs and the lives of singers in Sussex and Hampshire, where Bob Copper spent some time collecting, and includes the songs.

48. Copper, Bob. Early to Rise: A Sussex Boyhood. London: Heinemann, 1976.

• An autobiographical account of the Copper family, with songs from their repertoire.

49. [Cox, Harry.] ‘Harry Cox, English Folk Singer: A Personal Narrative Recorded and Introduced by Peter Kennedy, with Five Songs’. JEFDSS 8 (1958): 142-155.

• An account of the great Norfolk singer, with a reminiscence by Francis Collinson.

50. Davies, Gwilym. ‘The Songs of Ray Driscoll’. ED&S 56/3 (1994): 7-9.

• A short piece on a living singer, with some interesting songs.

51. Doel, Fran and Geoff. ‘Ken Thompson: A Kentish Man & His Songs’. ED&S 54/2 (1992): 22-23.

• A brief account of the singer’s life and of how his songs fit into it.

52. [Doughty, Johnny.] ‘Johnny Doughty: An Interview with Vic Smith’. Musical Traditions No 7 (1987): 22-29.

• A lively interview with the Sussex fisherman and singer.

53. Fraser, Doug, and Tony Green. ‘Phil Tanner’. Traditional Music No 7 (1977): 4-9.

• An introduction to the great singer from the Gower peninsula (see also 65).

54. Lloyd, A. L. ‘The Singing Style of the Copper Family’. JEFDSS 7 (1954): 145-149.

• Discusses some questions arising from the Coppers’ tradition of harmony singing.

55. Palmer, Roy. ‘Cecilia Costello and George Dunn, Traditional Singers from the Urban Midlands: An Introduction’. ED&S 34 (1972): 17-21.

• A brief account of two urban singers, with a few of their songs (see also 57).

56. Palmer, Roy. ‘Songs of a Shantyman, Captain John Robinson’. ED&S 42/2 (1980): 2-5.

• Recalls life and songs on sailing ships.

57. Palmer, Roy, ed. George Dunn: The Minstrel of Quarry Bank. Reminiscences & Songs of George Dunn (1887-1975). Dudley: Dudley Metropolitan Borough Leisure and Amenity Services, 1984.

• Reminiscences of the iron trade, pastimes, and songs, in the Staffordshire singer’s own words; much the same material can be found in Oral History 11/1 (1983): 62-68; 11/2 (1983): 61-68.

58. Patten, Bob and Jacqueline. ‘Mrs. Amy Ford of Low Ham, Somerset: Song Learning in a Family Tradition’. Musical Traditions No 2 (1984): 12-18.

• Describes the repertoire of a Somerset singer, and how she learned the songs.

59. Pegg, Bob. Folk: A Portrait of English Traditional Music, Musicians and Customs. London: Wildwood House, 1976.

• A concise, nicely illustrated introduction to singers, traditions, and collectors.

60. Pickering, Michael. ‘Bartholomew Callow: Village Musician’. Musical Traditions No 6 (1986): 12-23.

• A study of an Oxfordshire singer and musician, with an analysis of his repertoire.

61. Richards, Sam. ‘Bill Hingston: A Biography in Song’. Oral History 10/1 (1982): 24-46.

• An extensive biography of a Devonshire singer, with a list of his songs.

62. Roberts, Bob:

 Rough and Tumble. London: Sampson Low and Marston, 1935. Rpt. Lavenham: Mallard Reprints, 1983.
Coasting Bargemaster. London: Edward Arnold, 1949. Rpt. Lavenham: Mallard Reprints, 1984.
Last of the Sailormen. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1960.
A Slice of Suffolk. Lavenham: Terence Dalton, 1978.
Breeze for a Bargeman. Lavenham: Terence Dalton, 1981.

• Fascinating volumes by the sailor and singer which, though they do not say much about his singing as such, say a tremendous amount about his life.

63. Stubbs, Ken. ‘The Life and Songs of George Maynard’. JEFDSS 9 (1963), 180-196.

• An appreciation of a traditional singer from Sussex, with eleven of his songs.

64. Summers, Keith. ‘Sing, Say or Pay! A Survey of East Suffolk Country Music’. Traditional Music Nos 8 & 9 (1977/78): 5-53.

• A survey of singers and musicians, singing and other traditions (see also 482).

65. Thomas, John Ormond. ‘The Old Singer of Gower’. Picture Post (19 March 1949): 30-33.

• A short appreciation of Phil Tanner, with some splendid photographs (see also 53).

66. Thompson, Flora. Lark Rise to Candleford. 1939-43. Rpt. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1973.

• Contains a description of village pub singing at Juniper Hill, Oxfordshire, before World War I. The men’s singing may not have been witnessed at first hand by the young girl who wrote about it in her fictionalised autobiography much later in life, but it is still an account of potentially great significance (see also 129, 141).

67. Wales, Tony. ‘George Attrill of Sussex’. ED&S 27 (1965): 46-47.

• A brief obituary of the singer, with one of his songs.

68. Wales, Tony. ‘George Townsend of Sussex’. ED&S 29 (1967), 70-73.

• An obituary of the singer, with some account of his life, and a song.

69. [Webb, Percy.] ‘Percy Webb, Singer from East Suffolk, Interviewed by Ginette Dunn’. Traditional Music No 2 (1975): 14-21.

• An edited transcript of the singer’s life story, told in his own words.

70. Yates, Mike. ‘Some Gypsy Singers in South East England’. ED&S 37 (1975): 14-16.

• A brief account of gypsy singers and their songs, with two songs.

71. Yates, Mike. ‘The Cotswold Catalyst: A Neglected Influence on Song Tradition’. Traditional Music No 1 (1975): 10-14.

• Considers the importance of village concert parties, with particular reference to the singing of Bob Arnold.

72. Yates, Mike. ‘Harry Upton: A Singer and His Repertoire’. Traditional Music No 10 (1978): 14-20.

• An introduction to the singer, with a study of his song repertoire.

4. Song and ballad research

A variety of different methodologies is represented among the items included here. The most concentrated research effort has been in the study of ballads (narrative folk songs), especially the so-called Child ballads, and it therefore seems unrealistic to separate the study of ballads from that of folk song at large. The subject has an important international dimension, with many ballad studies in particular tending to deal with material from Scotland and/or North America, so in attempting to include some of the most significant materials for folk song research it is not possible to confine the listing to studies of English songs.

Some effort has been made here to separate approaches to folk song and balladry which have wide application and methodological importance (Section 4.1); studies which concentrate especially on the music of folk songs and ballads (Section 4.2); and studies of particular, selected songs and ballads, including material on the Robin Hood ballads (Section 4.3).

Research into other discrete genres of songs is included in subsequent sections on early manuscripts, early print, and broadsides; occupational songs; travellers’ songs; carols; songs associated with customs; and children’s songs (Sections 6-11 below).

Journals that regularly publish research on songs and ballads include FMJ, Jahrbuch für Volksliedforsching, JAF, Journal of Folklore Research, Southern Folklore, and Western Folklore.

4.1. Approaches to folk song and balladry

Scholarly research into folk song has benefited from an eclectic approach, in part because it has not been confined within the constraints of any one academic discipline. Folk song and ballad studies have drawn on the resources of a wide range of disciplines such as literary and historical scholarship, oral and textual theory, folklore, ethnology, and ethnomusicology.

The volume of material that has been published in ballad studies means that this area is inevitably under-represented here, although an attempt has been made to include items representing most of the recent developments in the field.

Cross-references: There is a wealth of scholarly information on ballads included in Child’s ballad edition and also Bronson’s edition of ballad tunes (223, 226). Atkinson provides a further bibliography of research into the Child ballads (470).

73. Abrahams, Roger D. ‘Patterns of Structure and Role Relationships in the Child Ballad in the United States’. JAF 79 (1966): 448-462.

• Analyses ballads from a particular area in an attempt to identify patterns which can be used to interrogate the culture of that region.

74. Abrahams, Roger D., and George Foss. Anglo-American Folksong Style. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, 1968.

• A useful study which describes the characteristic style of folk songs, from a literary and to a lesser extent musical angle, using primarily American examples.

75. Andersen, Flemming G. Commonplace and Creativity: The Role of Formulaic Diction in Anglo-Scottish Traditional Balladry. Odense: Odense University Press, 1985.

• A very significant study, of wide application, which makes use of mainly Scottish material to show how recurrent formulas in ballads have connotative functions over and above their immediate narrative import.

76. Andersen, Flemming G. ‘Technique, Text, and Context: Formulaic Narrative Mode and the Question of Genre’. The Ballad and Oral Literature. Ed. Joseph Harris. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1991: 18-39.

• A reconsideration of some of the problems of ballad style and the definition of the ballad genre.

77. Andersen, Flemming G., Otto Holzapfel, and Thomas Pettitt. The Ballad as Narrative: Studies in the Ballad Traditions of England, Scotland, Germany and Denmark. Odense: Odense University Press, 1982.

• A very important book of interlinked essays, which considers the ballad genre from historical, structural, and stylistic angles, the interrelationships of oral tradition and print, and the under-representation of English ballads in Child’s collection, as well as suggesting interesting international parallels.

78. Atkinson, David. ‘Sabine Baring-Gould’s Contribution to The English and Scottish Popular Ballads’. Ballads into Books: The Legacies of Francis James Child. Ed. Tom Cheesman and Sigrid Rieuwerts. Selected Papers from the 26th International Ballad Conference (SIEF Ballad Commission), Swansea, Wales, 19-24 July 1996. Bern: Peter Lang, 1997: 41-52.

• Considers the contribution one of the early English fieldworkers made to Child’s standard edition of ballads, and touches on the questions of Child’s attitude to oral tradition and the relationship of the English folk song tradition to the ballad canon.

79. Atkinson, David. ‘The Child Ballads from England and Wales in the James Madison Carpenter Collection’. FMJ 7 (1998): 434-449.

• A discussion of the ballads collected by Carpenter, which suggests how they might fit in with a wider conception of a specifically English ballad tradition.

80. Baker, Ronald L. ‘The Image of Women in British Romantic and Humorous Ballads’. Midwestern Folklore 17 (1991): 125-130.

• A brief, sensible look at a range of ballads from a feminist standpoint.

81. Barry, Phillips. ‘The Part of the Folk Singer in the Making of Folk Balladry’. The Critics and the Ballad. Ed. MacEdward Leach and Tristram P. Coffin. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1961: 59-76.

• A forceful argument for the primacy of the singer in shaping folk song texts and tunes.

82. Bohlman, Philip V. The Study of Folk Music in the Modern World. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1988.

• A broad-ranging, ethnomusicological, international approach to the concept of folk music, which is incidentally somewhat scathing about the idea of revival.

83. Boyes, Georgina. ‘New Directions—Old Destinations: A Consideration of the Role of the Tradition-Bearer in Folksong Research’. Singer, Song and Scholar. Ed. Ian Russell. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1986: 9-17.

• Maintains that research into folk songs has been circumscribed by preconceptions as to what constitutes tradition, and urges a more open-minded approach.

84. Bratton, J. S. The Victorian Popular Ballad. London: Macmillan, 1975.

• A study of nineteenth-century urban traditions, in the music halls and in other contexts.

85. Buchan, David. The Ballad and the Folk. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1972. Rpt. East Linton: Tuckwell Press, 1997.

• A major study of Scottish ballads, with much wider application, which combines a thorough analysis of ballad structure with a strong argument for the oral-formulaic theory of transmission, and also places the ballads in their socio-cultural context.

86. Buchan, David. ‘Propp’s Tale Role and a Ballad Repertoire. JAF 95 (1982): 159-172.

A methodologically important study which makes use of a concept originally developed by Vladimir Propp in The Morphology of the Folktale (1928) to classify the characters of traditional narrative according to their interactive functions, in order to establish structural and cultural categories. The method is applied here to an individual Scottish ballad repertoire, and in later studies to the analysis of particular sub-generic groups of ballads.

87. Buchan, David:

‘The Wit-Combat Ballads’. Narrative Folksong: New ections. Essays in Appreciation of W. Edson Richmond. Ed. Carol L. Edwards and Kathleen E. B. Manley. Boulder: Westview Press, 1985: 380-400.

‘Traditional Patterns and the Religious Ballads’. The Concept of Tradition in Ballad Research: A Symposium. Ed. Rita Pedersen and Flemming G. Andersen. Odense: Odense University Press, 1985: 27-41, 49-52.

‘Tale Roles and Revenants: A Morphology of Ghosts’. Western Folklore 45 (1986): 143-158.

‘Taleroles and the Otherworld Ballads’. Tod und Jenseits im Europäischen Volkslied. Ed. Walter Puchner. 16 Internationale Balladenkonferenz, Kolympari, Kreta, 19-22 August 1986, veranstaltet von der Kommission für Volksdichtung der Société Internationale d’Ethnologie et Folklore in Zusammenarbeit mit Société Hellénique de Laographie und Orthodox Academy of Crete. Ioannina: University of Jannina, Faculty of Philosophy, Department of Folklore, 1986 [1989]: 247-261

‘Taleroles and the Witch Ballads’. Ballads and Other Genres/Balladen und andere Gattungen. Ed. Zorica Rajkovi . Zagreb: Zavod za istra Ÿ ivanje folklora, 1988: 133-140.

‘The Marvellous Creature Ballads’. Inte Bara Visor: Studier kring Folklig Diktning och Musik tillagnade Bengt R. Jonsson. Ed. S.-B. Jansson. Stockholm: Svenskt Visarkiv, 1990: 43-51.

‘Talerole Analysis and Child’s Supernatural Ballads’. The Ballad and Oral Literature. Ed. Joseph Harris. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1991: 60-77.

‘The Anglophone Comic Ballads’. Arv: Scandinavian Yearbook of Folklore 48 (1992): 289-295.

• A very important series of articles which employ the methodology of tale role analysis to give weight to some of the categories into which the Child ballads have been classified.

88. Coffin, Tristram P. ‘"Mary Hamilton" and the Anglo-American Ballad as an Art Form’. JAF 70 (1957): 208-214.

• Argues that the tendency of narrative song is to develop towards a lyric form which retains the ‘emotional core’ of the song. The argument has been influential, but it is founded on American examples, and there is some question as to how far it may be applicable to ballads from England, Scotland, and Ireland.

89. Donatelli, Joseph M. P. ‘"To Hear with Eyes": Orality, Print Culture, and the Textuality of Ballads’. Ballads and Boundaries: Narrative Singing in an Intercultural Context. Ed. James Porter. Los Angeles: Department of Ethnomusicology & Systematic Musicology, UCLA, 1995: 347-357.

• A stimulating theoretical consideration of the relationship between songs in oral and printed tradition.

90. Dugaw, Dianne M. ‘Anglo-American Folksong Reconsidered: The Interface of Oral and Written Forms’. Western Folklore 43 (1984): 83-103.

• A reconsideration of the relationship between oral tradition and print, which in particular draws attention to the presence of the same kind of variation in printed as in oral texts.

91. Dugaw, Dianne. Warrior Women and Popular Balladry, 1650-1850. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989. Rpt. with a new preface. Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1996.

• A study of a type of female heroine in broadsides and traditional songs, and their social and literary contexts, spanning two centuries.

92. Dugaw, Dianne, ed. The Anglo-American Ballad: A Folklore Casebook. New York: Garland, 1995.

• Contains some items that are not so easily accessible, including papers by Addison, Percy, Ritson, Scott, Motherwell, and Child, but these are not printed in full..

93. Dunn, Ginette. The Fellowship of Song: Popular Singing Traditions in East Suffolk. London: Croom Helm, 1980.

• An ethnographic study based on detailed fieldwork which describes the singers and the singing traditions of two Suffolk villages, relating them to the wider values held by their communities.

94. Easthope, Antony. Poetry as Discourse. London: Methuen, 1983.

• Chapter 5 ‘The Feudal Ballad’ illustrates both the potential and the pitfalls of taking a purely literary critical approach to balladry.

95. Elbourne, R. P. ‘The Question of Definition’. Yearbook of the International Folk Music Council 7 (1975): 9-29.

• An attempt to re-define traditional music in terms of its underlying social structure.

96. Elbourne, Roger. ‘A Mirror of Man? Traditional Music as a Reflection of Society’. JAF 89 (1976): 463-468.

• A brief but timely caveat concerning the interpretation of songs, especially broadsides, as a ect reflection of social life.

97. Elbourne, Roger. Music and Tradition in Early Industrial Lancashire 1780-1840. Woodbridge: D. S. Brewer; Totowa, NJ: Rowman and Littlefield, for the Folklore Society, 1980.

• Traces the effects of social change accompanying the Industrial Revolution on singing and other traditions in Lancashire.

98. Fowler, David C. A Literary History of the Popular Ballad. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1968.

• A history of the ballads which is dependent for its chronology on the dates of their first being collected, so that its sense of progression might be somewhat misleading. It is particularly good on the medieval minstrel tradition and the early relations of the ballad form with other genres of medieval literature and song.

99. Friedman, Albert B. The Ballad Revival: Studies in the Influence of Popular on Sophisticated Poetry. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1961.

• A detailed study of the development of the literary idea of the ballad.

100. Friedman, Albert B. ‘The Oral-Formulaic Theory of Balladry: A Re-Rebuttal’. The Ballad Image: Essays Presented to Bertrand Harris Bronson. Ed. James Porter. Los Angeles: Center for the Study of Comparative Folklore & Mythology, University of California, Los Angeles, 1983: 215-240.

• A forceful objection to the oral-formulaic theory of ballad transmission championed especially by David Buchan in The Ballad and the Folk, which also includes all the references for the development of the theory and the controversy surrounding it up until its date of publication.

101. Gammon, Vic. ‘"Babylonian Performances": The Rise and Suppression of Popular Church Music, 1660-1870’. Popular Culture and Class Conflict 1590-1914: Explorations in the History of Labour and Leisure. Ed. Eileen Yeo and Stephen Yeo. Brighton: Harvester Press; Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Humanities Press, 1981: 62-88.

• Traces the development of traditional church music and singing, and their suppression in the mid-nineteenth century, and relates these historical developments to socio-economic changes.

102. Gammon, Vic. ‘Problems of Method in the Historical Study of Popular Music’. Popular Music Perspectives: Papers from the First International Conference on Popular Music Research, Amsterdam, June 1981. Ed. David Horn and Philip Tagg. Göteborg and Exeter: International Association for the Study of Popular Music, 1982: 16-31.

• Outlines some of the considerations and methodologies required in assessing music and song in social, cultural, and historical contexts.

103. Gammon, Vic. ‘Song, Sex, and Society in England, 1600-1850’. FMJ 4 (1982): 208-245.

• An especially significant study, which argues that far from reflecting an atmosphere of sexual licence, eroticism in folk songs serves to reinforce the boundaries of behaviour acceptable to the community.

104. Gammon, Vic. ‘"Not Appreciated in Worthing?" Class Expression and Popular Song Texts in Mid-Nineteenth Century Britain’. Popular Music 4 (1984): 5-24.

• An analysis of preferred types of song in relation to social class.

105. Gammon, Vic. ‘A. L. Lloyd and History: A Reconsideration of Aspects of Folk Song in England and Some of His Other Writings’. Singer, Song and Scholar. Ed. Ian Russell. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1986: 147-164.

• A balanced, critical appreciation of the influential work of A. L. Lloyd.

106. Gerould, Gordon Hall. The Ballad of Tradition. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1932.

• An early study of the ballads which still has many sensible things to say.

107. Goldstein, Kenneth S. ‘On the Application of the Concepts of Active and Inactive Traditions to the Study of a Repertory’. JAF 84 (1971): 62-67.

• A theoretical consideration of the status accorded to particular songs in the repertoires of individual traditional singers.

108. Green, Tony. ‘James Lyons: Singer and Story-teller: His Repertory and Aesthetic’. Everyday Culture: Popular Song and the Vernacular Milieu. Ed. Michael Pickering and Tony Green. Milton Keynes: Open University Press, 1987: 105-124.

• An ethnographic study of an individual singer’s repertoire in relation to his life story and attitudes.

109. Greenhill, Pauline. ‘"Neither a Man Nor a Maid": Sexualities and Gendered Meanings in Cross-Dressing Ballads’. JAF 108 (1995): 156-177. 

• A stimulating consideration of the possibilities for sexual meanings in songs about women dressing up as soldiers or sailors to follow their lovers.

110. Greenhill, Pauline. ‘"Who’s Gonna Kiss Your Ruby Red Lips?" Sexual Scripts in Floating Verses’. Ballads into Books: The Legacies of Francis James Child. Ed. Tom Cheesman and Sigrid Rieuwerts. Selected Papers from the 26th International Ballad Conference (SIEF Ballad Commission), Swansea, Wales, 19-24 July 1996. Bern: Peter Lang, 1997: 225-235.

• A radical feminist deconstruction of the so-called ‘floating verses’ which often begin ‘Who will shoe your pretty foot?’ in relation to the prevailing sexual political economy of the contexts in which they are sung.

111. Harvey, Richard. ‘English Pre-Industrial Ballads on Poverty, 1500-1700’. Historian 46 (1983-84): 539-561.

• Considers broadside ballads as the source material for a historical study of attitudes to poverty and begging.

112. Hodgart, M. J. C. The Ballads. 2nd ed. London: Hutchinson, 1962.

• A concise and very readable account of the ballads, their style, history, and poetry. It also includes a useful chapter on their music. Although it should be supplemented by some of the more recent research, this remains probably the best introductory study of the ballads.

113. Howkins, Alun. ‘The Voice of the People: The Social Meaning and Context of Country Song’. Oral History 3/1 (1975): 50-75.

• Addresses some of the questions of how a historian might make use of songs as evidence for underlying attitudes and emotions.

114. Howkins, Alun, and C. Ian Dyck. ‘"The Time’s Alteration": Popular Ballads, Rural Radicalism and William Cobbett’. History Workshop Journal 23 (1987): 20-38.

• A study of songs of rural protest in the early nineteenth century, and their ultimate failure to match up to the actuality of radical social change.

115. Hustvedt, Sigurd Bernhard. Ballad Criticism in Scandinavia and Great Britain During the Eighteenth Century. New York: American-Scandinavian Foundation, 1916.

• A history of ballad criticism and the evolution of the ballad concept.

116. Hustvedt, Sigurd Bernhard. Ballad Books and Ballad Men: Raids and Rescues in Britain, America, and the Scandinavian North Since 1800. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1930.

• A later history of ballad criticism and the evolution of the ballad concept, especially by Francis James Child.

117. Karpeles, Maud. An Introduction to English Folk Song. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1973.

• A short book by Cecil Sharp’s assistant. Though it is quite a well-known book (partly because of its availability in paperback and its ease of reading), it is in effect little more than a restatement of Sharp’s own arguments, and was therefore outdated even at the time of its publication.

118. Lloyd, A. L. The Singing Englishman: An Introduction to Folk Song. London: Workers’ Music Association, [1944].

• A fairly brief but significant early study which relates folk songs to their social environment, discusses industrial song, and is devoid of some of the romanticism evident in Folk Song in England.

119. Lloyd, A. L. Folk Song in England. London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1967.

• The most influential work of the post-war English folk revival, full of enthusiasm for the democratic roots of folk song, but poorly annotated and with an over-emphasis on international parallels. Gammon offers a balanced critique of Lloyd’s views (105).

120. Moreira, James. ‘Genre and Balladry’. Ballads into Books: The Legacies of Francis James Child. Ed. Tom Cheesman and Sigrid Rieuwerts. Selected Papers from the 26th International Ballad Conference (SIEF Ballad Commission), Swansea, Wales, 19-24 July 1996. Bern: Peter Lang, 1997: 95-109.

• Links earlier notions of the ballad with current theories of genre as a fluid concept.

121. Nettl, Bruno. Folk and Traditional Music of the Western Continents. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, 1965.

• An ethnomusicological study of Western traditional music in an international context.

122. Nygard, Holger Olof. ‘Popular Ballad and Medieval Romance’. Folklore International: Essays in Traditional Literature, Belief, and Custom in Honor of Wayland Debs Hand. Ed. D. K. Wilgus. Hatboro: Folklore Associates, 1967: 161-173. Rpt. Ballad Studies. Ed. E. B. Lyle. Cambridge: D. S. Brewer; Totowa: Rowman and Littlefield, for the Folklore Society, 1976: 1-19.

• Considers the relationship between ballads and medieval literature.

123. Palmer, Roy. ‘A. L. Lloyd and Industrial Song’. Singer, Song and Scholar. Ed. Ian Russell. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1986: 133-144.

• A critical appreciation of A. L. Lloyd’s work in the study of industrial folk song. The ‘classification system for ballads of social event’, which categorises songs about societal rather than interpersonal conflict, included as an appendix to this article and attributed to Lloyd, is in fact the work of the American scholar D. K. Wilgus (FMJ 5 [1987]: 361); though seemingly very promising as a scheme of classification it does not appear to have been taken any further.

124. Palmer, Roy. The Sound of History: Songs and Social Comment. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988. Rpt. London: Pimlico, 1996.

• A fascinating and informative book which demonstrates the enormous potential of broadsides and folk songs to illuminate the responses of the common people to all kinds of historical events, the methodological difficulties in making use of such evidence notwithstanding.

125. Palmer, Roy. ‘"Veritable Dunghills": Professor Child and the Broadside’. FMJ 7 (1996): 155-166.

• An assertion of the importance of the tradition of folk songs and ballads in print, which Child denigrated in the course of compiling The English and Scottish Popular Ballads, although in fact he made substantial use of certain broadsides.

126. Pegg, Carole A. ‘An Ethnomusicological Approach to Traditional Music in East Suffolk’. Singer, Song and Scholar. Ed. Ian Russell. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1986: 55-72.

• An examination of some of the social factors which influence the sort of music and song current in a community.

127. Pettitt, Thomas. ‘The Ballad of Tradition: In Pursuit of a Vernacular Aesthetic’. Ballads into Books: The Legacies of Francis James Child. Ed. Tom Cheesman and Sigrid Rieuwerts. Selected Papers from the 26th International Ballad Conference (SIEF Ballad Commission), Swansea, Wales, 19-24 July 1996. Bern: Peter Lang, 1997: 111-123.

• A reassessment of the definition of the ballad in the light of criticisms of the selective nature of the ballads canonised by Child.

128. Pickering, Michael. Village Song & Culture: A Study Based on the Blunt Collection of Song from Adderbury, North Oxfordshire. London: Croom Helm, 1982.

• Describes the social context of folk song in an English village, from a broadly Marxist perspective, drawing on the collection of Janet Heatley Blunt; extremely difficult to read for both stylistic and typographical reasons.

129. Pickering, Michael. ‘Popular Song at Juniper Hill’. FMJ 4 (1984): 481-503.

• Claims to study Flora Thompson’s account of village pub singing in Lark Rise to Candleford (66) within its wider cultural context, in contrast to the structuralist treatment accorded it by Renwick (141). Both, however, are dealing with a fictional description, and in any case the two accounts may not be entirely incompatible.

130. Pickering, Michael. ‘Song and Social Context’. Singer, Song and Scholar. Ed. Ian Russell. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1986: 73-93.

• A theoretical piece which insists that folk song can only be understood in relation to the full social, and also political and historical, situation in which it is performed.

131. Pickering, Michael. ‘The Past as a Source of Aspiration: Popular Song and Social Change’. Everyday Culture: Popular Song and the Vernacular Milieu. Ed. Michael Pickering and Tony Green. Milton Keynes: Open University Press, 1987: 39-69.

• Looks at ‘The Husbandman and the Servantman’ as an example of the way in which the cultural meaning of a song can change over time, even with relatively little variation in the text. This provides the basis for some more general conclusions about cultural reception.

132. Pickering, Michael. ‘Recent Folk Music Scholarship in England: a Critique’. FMJ 6 (1990): 37-64.

• A rather restricted survey of trends in the study of folk song over a period of some twenty years.

133. Pickering, Michael, and Tony Green. ‘Towards a Cartography of the Vernacular Milieu’. Everyday Culture: Popular Song and the Vernacular Milieu. Ed. Michael Pickering and Tony Green. Milton Keynes: Open University Press, 1987: 1-38.

• An introduction to a volume of essays, which explores some of the relationships between the folk or traditional (the authors prefer the term ‘vernacular’) songs that people choose to sing and their more general socio-historical conditions, and also makes some points about the question of revivals.

134. Porter, Gerald. Singing the Changes: Variation in Four Traditional Ballads. Umeå: Umeå University, 1991.

• A short but very suggestive study which investigates variation in ballads in terms of their internal structure combined with the conditions of their performance.

135. Porter, Gerald. ‘Pesticides and Pastorals: Constructing Metaphors in the "Green Ballad"’. From Runes to Romance. Ed. M. Rydén, H. Kardela, J. Nordlander, and B. Odenstedt. Umeå: Swedish Science Press, 1997: 181-193.

• Analyses representations of the rural environment in English folk songs.

136. Porter, James. ‘Ballad Explanations, Ballad Reality, and the Singer’s Epistemics’. Western Folklore 45 (1986): 110-125.

• A forceful statement of the need to consider the singer’s own understanding in studying traditional songs.

137. Porter, James. ‘Muddying the Crystal Spring: From Idealism and Realism to Marxism in the Study of English and American Folk Song’. Comparative Musicology and Anthropology of Music: Essays on the History of Ethnomusicology. Ed. Bruno Nettl and Philip V. Bohlman. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991: 113-130.

• A very useful critical survey of ections in folk song scholarship on both sides of the Atlantic.

138. Porter, James. ‘(Ballad-) Singing and Transformativity’. The Stockholm Ballad Conference 1991. Ed. Bengt R. Jonsson. Proceedings of the 21st International Ballad Conference, August 19-22, 1991. Stockholm: Svenskt Visarkiv, 1993: 165-180.

• A theoretical approach to the way in which folk songs are absorbed into the singer’s own epistemology.

139. Porter, James. ‘Convergence, Divergence, and Dialectic in Folksong Paradigms: Critical ections for Transatlantic Scholarship’. JAF 106 (1993): 61-98.

• A very substantial critical survey of folk song scholarship on both sides of the Atlantic (for a rather more readable version of much the same material see 137).

140. Preston, Cathy Lynn. ‘"The Tying of the Garter": Representations of the Female Laborer in 17th-, 18th-, and 19th-Century English Bawdy Songs’. JAF, 105 (1992), 315-341.

• A feminist study which sees bawdy songs as using sexual dialogue to represent power struggles among men differently identified by region and class.

141. Renwick, Roger de V. English Folk Poetry: Structure and Meaning. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1980.

• One of the most inspiring text-based studies of recent folk song research, which uses the methodology of structuralism to look at ways in which some folk song texts might function. It attracted substantial criticism, however, for its apparent lack of attention to ethnography.

142. Rieuwerts, Sigrid. ‘"The Genuine Ballads of the People": F. J. Child and the Ballad Cause’. Journal of Folklore Research 31 (1994): 1-34.

• An excellent discussion of what Child had in mind in selecting and editing material for The English and Scottish Popular Ballads, which also reprints some key documents.

143. Rieuwerts, Sigrid. ‘From Percy to Child: The "Popular Ballad" as "a distinct and very important species of poetry"’. Ballads and Boundaries: Narrative Singing in an Intercultural Context. Ed. James Porter. Los Angeles: Department of Ethnomusicology & Systematic Musicology, UCLA, 1995: 13-20.

• A brief survey of the development of the concept of the ballad up to and including the work of Child.

144. Russell, Ian. ‘Traditional Singing in West Sheffield, 1970-2’. 3 vols. PhD thesis, Institute of Dialect and Folklife Studies, School of English, University of Leeds, 1977.

• A major piece of fieldwork and analysis which describes in depth traditional singing and its context for a number of singers from the Sheffield area, with numerous song transcriptions (a copy of the thesis is held in the VWML).

145. Russell, Ian. ‘Context and Content: A Study of the Repertoires of Arthur Howard’. Singer, Song and Scholar. Ed. Ian Russell. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1986: 31-54.

• Demonstrates how a particular traditional singer’s choice of material varies according to the occasion.

146. Russell, Ian. ‘Parody and Performance’. Everyday Culture: Popular Song and the Vernacular Milieu. Ed. Michael Pickering and Tony Green. Milton Keynes: Open University Press, 1987: 70-104.

• A detailed study of song parodies in the repertoire of Arthur Howard, firmly based on fieldwork, which seeks to demonstrate the normative function of parody in song.

147. Russell, Ian. ‘Stability and Change in a Sheffield Singing Tradition’. FMJ 5 (1987): 317-358.

• An important study of the ways in which song texts and tunes may vary within a small geographical area, based on detailed fieldwork. Russell proposes a terminology of ‘stability and change’ to replace Sharp’s ‘continuity and variation’, because the latter may imply widespread relationships among song versions which cannot in fact be demonstrated. This article summarises some of the conclusions of Russell’s three-volume thesis.

148. Sharp, Cecil J. English Folk-Song: Some Conclusions. London: Simpkin; Novello; Taunton: Barnicott & Pearce, 1907.

• Hastily compiled by the most prominent of the early English collectors, Sharp’s influential ideas focus on the three principles of continuity, variation, and selection to establish a quasi-Darwinian explanation of the nature and transmission of folk song.

149. Shuldiner, David. ‘The Content and Structure of English Ballads and Tales’. Western Folklore 37 (1978): 267-280.

• Examines the different, though complementary, narrative style, form, and content of ballads and tales; a study of great interest to scholars, singers, and storytellers alike.

150. Stewart, Polly. ‘Wishful Willful Wily Women: Lessons for Female Success in the Child Ballads’. Feminist Messages: Coding in Women’s Folk Culture. Ed. Joan Newlon Radner. Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1993: 54-73.

• A feminist classification of the Child ballads which as it stands is rather crude but nonetheless suggests the possibilities in feminist analysis of folk song.

151. Toelken, Barre. ‘Figurative Language and Cultural Contexts in the Traditional Ballads’. Western Folklore 45 (1986): 128-139.

• Examines some of the ways in which supra-literal meaning, of the kind discussed in greater detail in Morning Dew and Roses, can be generated by ballad texts, and provides a useful listing of different contexts which might influence the creation of such meaning.

152. Toelken, Barre. Morning Dew and Roses: Nuance, Metaphor, and Meaning in Folksongs. Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1995.

• An important and readable study, which demonstrates wide-ranging poetic possibilities in ballads and folk songs, and relates them to their singing contexts. Chapters in the book reproduce several earlier classic articles by Toelken, for instance on the riddle or wit combat ballads and on metaphor and ambiguity in ballads.

153. Vicinus, Martha. The Industrial Muse: A Study of Nineteenth Century British Working-Class Literature. London: Croom Helm, 1974.

• A wide-ranging study of popular literature, including broadsides, songs, and poetry, and dialect writing and song.

154. Wehse, Rainer. ‘Broadside Ballad and Folksong: Oral Tradition versus Literary Tradition. Folklore Forum 8 (1975): 324-334 [2-12].

• A theoretical discussion of the symbiosis of oral tradition and printed texts in the transmission of folk songs.

155. Wilgus, D. K. Anglo-American Folksong Scholarship Since 1898. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1959.

• The standard account of the development of folk song scholarship on both sides of the Atlantic, from the death of Francis James Child up to the mid-century.

156. Wilgus, D. K. ‘A Type-Index of Anglo-American Traditional Narrative Songs’. Journal of the Folklore Institute 7 (1970): 161-176.

• Outlines a thematic approach to classifying folk songs.

157. Wilgus, D. K., and Barre Toelken. The Ballad and the Scholars: Approaches to Ballad Study. Papers Presented at a Clark Library Seminar, 22 October 1983. Los Angeles: William Andrews Clark Library, University of California, Los Angeles, 1986.

• Two papers which, although ostensibly demonstrating the confrontation between textual and contextual approaches to ballad and folk song study, actually display a lot of shared ground.

4.2. The music of folk songs and ballads

Cross-references: Bronson’s edition of ballad tunes includes scholarly comment on the music (223). Porter provides a further bibliography of musical studies (474). Others provide convenient, brief introductions to modal music (6, 112).

158. Barry, Phillips, Fannie Hardy Eckstorm, and Mary Winslow Smyth. British Ballads from Maine: The Development of Popular Songs, with Texts and Airs. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1929.

• The introductory matter contains a useful discussion of ballad melodies.

159. Bayard, Samuel P. ‘Prolegomena to a Study of the Principal Melodic Families of British-American Folk Song’. JAF 63 (1950): 1-44.

• An important introduction to the study of folk song tunes, which defines some of the problems and attempts to establish the idea of tune families.

160. Bayard, Samuel P. ‘Two Representative Tune Families of British Tradition’. Midwest Folklore 4 (1954): 13-33.

• An illustration of the concept of tune families.

161. Bishop, Julia C. ‘The Tunes of the English and Scottish Ballads in the James Madison Carpenter Collection’. FMJ 7 (1998): 450-470.

• A detailed description of the recording and transcription of tunes in Carpenter’s collection, with an analysis of some sample tunes.

162. Bronson, Bertrand Harris. The Ballad as Song. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1969.

• Reprints a number of important papers about the music of ballads and folk songs, including ‘The Interdependence of Ballad Tunes and Texts’, ‘Folk-Song and the Modes’, ‘On the Union of Words and Music in the "Child" Ballads’, ‘The Morphology of the Ballad Tunes’, and ‘Toward the Comparative Analysis of British-American Folk-Tunes’, along with a variety of other interesting studies in folk song and balladry.

163. Cazden, Norman. ‘A Simplified Mode Classification for Traditional Anglo-American Song Tunes’. Yearbook of the International Folk Music Council 3 (1971): 45-78.

• An attempt to revise and simplify the study of folk song tunes.

164. Mitsui, Tori. ‘How Was "Judas" Sung?’ Ballads and Boundaries: Narrative Singing in an Intercultural Context. Ed. James Porter. Los Angeles: Department of Ethnomusicology & Systematic Musicology, UCLA, 1995: 241-250.

• A musicological study which considers how the oldest text in The English and Scottish Popular Ballads, dating from the thirteenth century, might have sounded when, and if, it was sung.

165. Porter, Gerald. ‘Airs and Graces: Interpretation Based on the Musical Record’. The Stockholm Ballad Conference 1991. Ed. Bengt R. Jonsson. Proceedings of the 21st International Ballad Conference, August 19-22, 1991. Stockholm: Svenskt Visarkiv, 1993: 205-214.

• A brief consideration of the aesthetic implications of the tunes to which some occupational songs have been sung.

166. Powers, Harold S. ‘Modal Scales and Folksong Melodies’. The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians. Ed. Stanley Sadie. London: Macmillan, 1980: XII, 418-422.

• Explains the musical theory of folk song tunes, as part of a longer section on the modes in musical theory.

167. Simpson, Claude M. The British Broadside Ballad and Its Music. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1966.

• The standard reference work for the music of broadside ballads.

4.3. Studies of selected folk songs and ballads

Besides the more wide-ranging studies listed in Section 4.1, scholarly efforts have also been ected towards the elucidation of individual ballads and folk songs, and groups of songs such as the Robin Hood ballads and the religious ballads.

Some effort has been made here to select representative items of interest for the study of English song traditions in particular, and as a result ballad research at large is again substantially under-represented.

Cross-references: There is a wealth of information on individual ballads in Child (226), and there are detailed studies of particular songs in many of the more general works of song and ballad research in Section 4.1.

168. Allen, J. W. ‘Some Notes on "O Waly Waly"’. JEFDSS 7 (1954): 161-171.

• Traces the three songs, related to the ballad ‘Jamie Douglas’, which seem to have gone to make up the song Cecil Sharp called ‘O Waly Waly’.

169. Andersen, Flemming G., and Thomas Pettitt. ‘"The Murder of Maria Marten": The Birth of a Ballad?’ Narrative Folksong: New ections. Essays in Appreciation of W. Edson Richmond. Ed. Carol L. Edwards and Kathleen E. B. Manley. Boulder: Westview Press, 1985: 132-178.

• Traces the song about the Red Barn murder from print to oral transmission (see also 216).

170. Atkinson, David. ‘Marriage and Retribution in "James Harris (The Dæmon Lover)"’. FMJ 5 (1989): 592-607.

• An interpretation of an English broadside version of a ballad in the light of some contemporary marriage customs (see also 180, 194).

171. Atkinson, David. ‘History, Symbol, and Meaning in "The Cruel Mother"’. FMJ 6 (1992): 359-380.

• Considers the way in which meaning may be generated symbolically in a ballad.

172. Atkinson, David. ‘Incest in Ballads: The Availability of Cultural Meaning’. Lore and Language 11 (1992-93): 27-44.

• Argues that the presence of the incest theme in certain ballads is largely dependent on their cultural function (see also 211).

173. Atkinson, David. ‘The Wit Combat Episode in "The Unquiet Grave"’. Images, Identities and Ideologies. Ed. John M. Kirk and Colin Neilands. Papers from the 22nd International Ballad Conference, Belfast, 29 June-3 July 1992. Lore and Language 12: 11-29. Enfield Lock: Hisarlik Press, 1994: 11-29.

• Attempts an explanation of the occurrence of an obscure stanza in several versions of a ballad which is widespread in England.

174. Atkinson, David. ‘"Up then spoke a bonny bird", or Lady Isabel’s Secret: Transformation in "The Outlandish Knight"’. Southern Folklore 52 (1995): 231-248.

• Particularly concerned with the function of the talking birds in ballads, especially in ‘The Outlandish Knight’ where it keeps its own counsel (see also 215).

175. Atkinson, David. ‘"The Broomfield Hill" and the Double Standard’. Lore and Language 14 (1996): 15-29.

• A study of a popular English ballad in relation to sexual politics.

176. Baer, Joel H. ‘Bold Captain Avery in the Privy Council: Early Variants of a Broadside Ballad from the Pepys Collection’. FMJ 7 (1995): 4-26.

• A fascinating account of the story behind a late seventeenth-century broadside ballad from the collection of Samuel Pepys, which has subsequently been collected from singing in the early twentieth century.

177. Bayard, Samuel P. ‘The "Johnny Collins" Version of "Lady Alice"’. JAF 58 (1945): 73-103.

• A continuation of the somewhat speculative argument over the origins of ‘George Collins’, prompted by the recovery of versions from Hampshire (see also 183, 206).

178. Bennett, Anthony. ‘Rivals Unravelled: A Broadside Song and Dance’. FMJ 6 (1993): 420-445.

• Explores the song ‘The King of the Cannibal Islands’, and other broadside songs sung to the same tune.

179. Bird, S. Elizabeth. ‘"Lord Randal’ in Kent: The Meaning and Context of a Ballad Variant’. Folklore 96 (1985): 248-252.

• A brief study of the functional significance of an unusual version of the ballad sung in Kent in the 1930s.

180. Burrison, John. ‘"James Harris" in Britain Since Child’. JAF 80 (1967): 271-284.

• Considers the significance of more recently recovered versions of the ‘Dæmon Lover’ ballad, including one from Dorset and a Manx version (see also 170, 194).

181. Cartwright, Christine A. ‘"Barbara Allen": Love and Death in an Anglo-American Narrative Folksong’. Narrative Folksong: New ections. Essays in Appreciation of W. Edson Richmond. Ed. Carol L. Edwards and Kathleen E. B. Manley. Boulder: Westview Press, 1985: 240-265.

• A detailed study, particularly of the imagery, of ‘Barbara Allan’, applicable to the ballad in England even though it uses American examples.

182. Coffin, Tristram Potter. ‘Four Black Sheep Among the 305’. The Ballad Image: Essays Presented to Bertrand Harris Bronson. Ed. James Porter. Los Angeles: Center for the Study of Comparative Folklore & Mythology, University of California, Los Angeles, 1983: 30-38.

• Finds an origin for the wit combat or riddle ballads in the sexual play of medieval and early modern love poetry.

183. Cra’ster Barbara M. ‘George Collins’. JFSS 4 (1910): 106-109.

• Identifies a possible supernatural element in the ballad in the light of versions collected in Hampshire which, at the time, had only recently been published (see also 177, 206).

184. Fowler, David C. ‘"The Gosport Tragedy": Story of a Ballad’. Southern Folklore Quarterly 43 (1979): 157-196.

• Examines the history behind the broadside ballad, analyses the text, and traces its dissemination in North America.

185. Gammon, Vic. ‘The Grand Conversation: Napoleon and British Popular Balladry’. RSA Journal 137 (1989): 665-674.

• Surveys broadsides and traditional songs about Napoleon, distinguishing between propaganda of the period of the French Wars (1793-1815) which vilified Napoleon, and popular tradition which has treated him as ‘brave Napoleon’.

186. Gammon, Vic, and Peter Stallybrass. ‘Structure and Ideology in the Ballad: An Analysis of "Long Lankin"’. Criticism 26 (1984): 1-20.

• Demonstrates how structural variation in a ballad reflects a varying point of view towards its subject (see also 190, 201).

187. Gardham, Steve. ‘The Wreck of the Industry: Origins of an Oral Ballad’. ED&S 58/3 (1996): 2-3.

• An account of a shipwreck that gave rise to a broadside ballad, which has also been collected from singing.

188. Gerould, Gordon Hall. ‘The Ballad of "The Bitter Withy"’. PMLA 23 (1908): 141-167.

• A study of one of the religious or carol-ballads (unknown to Child) from England (see also 192, 199, 214, 427).

189. Gilchrist, Annie G. ‘Over Yonder’s a Park’. JFSS 4 (1910): 52-62.

• A study of the mysterious English religious song, also known as ‘The Corpus Christi Carol’, which is found both in a medieval manuscript and in twentieth-century tradition (see also 193).

190. Gilchrist, Anne G. ‘"Lambkin": A Study in Evolution’. JEFDSS 1 (1932): 1-17.

• A study of the ballad which identifies a specifically English strain in the tradition (see also 186, 201).

191. Gilchrist, Anne G. ‘"Death and the Lady" in English Balladry’. JEFDSS 4 (1941): 37-48

• Describes the medieval roots of the song and its survival as a broadside, traditional song, and nursery rhyme.

192. Graves, Janet M. ‘"The Holy Well": A Medieval Religious Ballad’. Western Folklore 26 (1967): 13-26.

• Treats ‘The Holy Well’ as a separate song from ‘The Bitter Withy’ (see also 188, 199, 214, 427).

193. Greene, Richard L. ‘The Meaning of the Corpus Christi Carol’. Medium Ævum 29 (1960): 10-21.

• Interprets this mysterious song, which is usually understood in terms of religious symbolism, as referring to the displacement of Catherine of Aragon by Anne Boleyn in the affections of Henry VIII (see also 189).

194. Harker, Dave. ‘A Warning’. FMJ 6 (1992): 299-338.

• A highly politicised reading of the English broadside version of the ballad ‘James Harris (The Dæmon Lover)’ as a subversive seventeenth-century text, which seems surprisingly definite about the broadside author’s intentions and the audience’s reception of the text (see also 170, 180).

195. Knight, Stephen. Robin Hood: A Complete Study of the Outlaw. Oxford: Blackwell, 1994.

• The most recent and probably the standard study of the outlaw hero and the ballads about him (see also 198, 200, 205). Knight has also described a newly discovered Robin Hood ballad manuscript (350).

196. Long, Eleanor. ‘The Maid’ and ‘The Hangman’: Myth and Tradition in a Popular Ballad. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1971.

• A classic historical-geographical study of the international spread of a ballad.

197. Long, Eleanor R. ‘Thematic Classification and "Lady Isabel"’. JAF 85 (1972): 32-41.

• Studies a ballad which is widespread in England as an example of an approach to classifying songs according to thematic units.

198. Lundgren, Tim. ‘The Robin Hood Ballads and the English Outlaw Tradition’. Southern Folklore 53 (1996): 225-247.

• Another perspective on the Robin Hood ballads.

199. McCabe, Mary Diane. ‘A Critical Study of Some Traditional Religious Ballads’. MA thesis, University of Durham, 1980.

• A thorough study of its subject (a copy of the thesis is held in the VWML).

200. Nagy, Joseph Falaky. ‘The Paradoxes of Robin Hood’. Folklore 91 (1980): 198-210.

• Argues that the Robin Hood ballads present a liminal world where basic social values are juxtaposed and mixed with their opposites, so as to highlight aspects of social life.

201. Niles, John DeWitt. ‘"Lamkin": The Motivation of Horror’. JAF 90 (1977): 49-67.

• A wide-ranging and speculative investigation into motives in ‘Lamkin’ (see also 186, 190).

202. Nygard, Holger Olof. The Ballad of ‘Heer Halewijn’: Its Forms and Variations in Western Europe. A Study of the History and Nature of a Ballad Tradition. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1958.

• A historical-geographical study of all the international relations of the ballad usually known in England as ‘The Outlandish Knight’.

203. Palmer, Roy. ‘A-Begging We Will Go’. ED&S 41/1 (1979): 2-4.

• A brief look at the history of an old song which was once very popular.

204. Palmer, Roy. ‘A Maritime Mystery’. ED&S 51/3 (1989): 2-4.

• Describes some facts behind the song ‘Andrew Rose’.

205. Parker, David. ‘Popular Protest in "A Gest of Robyn Hode"’. Modern Language Quarterly 32 (1971): 3-20.

• Interprets the long Robin Hood ballad in terms of contemporary class sympathies.

206. Parker, Harbison. ‘The "Clerk Colvill" Mermaid’. JAF 60 (1947): 265-285.

• Further speculation deriving from the Hampshire versions of ‘George Collins’ (see also 177, 183).

207. Porter, Gerald. ‘Oral History and Conflicting Voices: Songs as Mediators of the Past’. English Studies and History. Ed. David Robertson. Tampere: Tampere University Press, 1994: 195-206.

• Studies the ‘Ninety Years Ago’ group of songs about the Golden Age.

208. Rowland, Mary. ‘Which Noble Duke?’ FMJ 1 (1965): 25-37.

• A historical study of the song ‘Six Dukes Went a-Fishing’.

209. Royston, Pamela L. ‘"The Cherry-Tree Carol": Its Sources and Analogues’. Folklore Forum 15 (1982): 1-16.

• A study of the background to a ballad collected often in England (see also 199).

210. Shields, Hugh. ‘"The Grey Cock": Dawn Song or Revenant Ballad?’ Ballad Studies. Ed. E. B. Lyle. Cambridge: D. S. Brewer; Totowa, NJ: Rowman and Littlefield, for the Folklore Society, 1976: 67-92.

• Investigates whether this widespread ballad (collected from, among others, Cecilia Costello) really originated as a story of a lover’s return from the grave.

211. Syndergaard, Larry. ‘Incest Ballads in the English and Scottish Popular Ballads: Pattern and Meaning’. Southern Folklore 50 (1993): 127-141.

• Interprets the group of ballads in which the incest theme occurs in terms of the cultural acknowledgement of transgression (see also 172).

212. Taylor, Archer. ‘Edward’ and ‘Sven i Rosengård’: A Study in the Dissemination of a Ballad. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1931.

• A classic historical-geographical study of ballad transmission.

213. Thomson, Robert S. ‘The Frightful Foggy Dew’. FMJ 4 (1980): 35-61.

• Investigates the possible meanings of the various forms of this song in broadside print and oral tradition.

214. Titland, William J. ‘"The Bitter Withy" and Its Relationship to "The Holy Well"’. JAF 80 (1967): 49-70.

• Traces similarities and differences between the two songs, and concludes that different processes have affected them according to whether they have been subject to commercial transmission or have remained in traditional currency alone (see also 188, 192, 199, 427).

215. Toelken, Barre. ‘What the Parrots Tell Us that Child Did Not: Further Considerations of Ballad Metaphor’. Folklore Historian 14 (1997): 41-54.

• Examines potential meanings in ‘The Outlandish Knight’, especially as suggested by the characteristic parrot episode with its strongly visual connotations (see also 174).

216. Wilgus, D. K. ‘A Tension of Essences in Murdered-Sweetheart Ballads’. The Ballad Image: Essays Presented to Bertrand Harris Bronson. Ed. James Porter. Los Angeles: Center for the Study of Comparative Folklore & Mythology, University of California, Los Angeles, 1983: 241-256.

• Considers the development of a variety of ballads on the murdered-sweetheart theme, including ‘The Murder of Maria Marten’ (see also 169).

217. Yates, Mike. ‘The Ballad of "Black-Eyed Susan" (Laws O 28)’. ED&S 42/1 (1980): 5-6.

Explains how a popular song came into being, and prints it as sung by Walter Pardon.

5. Song and ballad collections

Many collections of English folk songs have been published over the years, and those listed below represent a selection of them. Collections are quite often arranged geographically and this is reflected in the arrangement into Sections 5.2 to 5.8, following Section 5.1.

Some of the English songs printed in JFSS and JEFDSS are included, but there are many others (not always very coherently classified) to be found in these journals. Single songs or small groups of songs can also be found in issues of ED&S.

5.1. General collections

218. Barrett, Wm. Alexr. English Folk-Songs. London: Novello, [1891].

• Traditional songs and other compositions, arranged for the piano.

219. Bell, Robert, ed. Early Ballads Illustrative of History, Traditions and Customs. London: John W. Parker, 1856.

• English and Scottish song texts, with some notes.

220. Bell, Robert, ed. Ancient Poems, Ballads and Songs of the Peasantry of England, Taken Down from Oral Recitation and Transcribed from Private Manuscripts, Rare Broadsides and Scarce Publications. London: John W. Parker, 1857.

• A revision, with additions, by Bell of Dixon’s volume of the same title.

221. Broadwood, Lucy E., ed. English Traditional Songs and Carols, with Annotations and Pianoforte Accompaniments. London: Boosey, 1908.

• Songs and carols chiefly from Sussex and Surrey.

222. Broadwood, Lucy E., and J. A. Fuller Maitland, eds. English County Songs: Words and Music. London: Leadenhall Press; J. B. Cramer; Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent, 1893.

• A collection of songs from most of the English counties.

223. Bronson, Bertrand Harris. The Traditional Tunes of the Child Ballads with Their Texts, According to the Extant Records of Great Britain and America. 4 vols. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1959-72.

• The standard edition of tunes to the Child ballads, which also prints many versions collected since the time of Child, and includes scholarly notes on ballads and music.

224. Bronson, Bertrand Harris, ed. The Singing Tradition of Child’s Popular Ballads. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1976.

• A single-volume abridgement of the standard four-volume edition of ballad melodies.

225. Chappell, W. Popular Music of the Olden Time: A Collection of Ancient Songs, Ballads, and Dance Tunes, Illustrative of the National Music of England, with Short Introductions to the Different Reigns, and Notices of the Airs from Writers of the 16th and 17th Centuries. Also a Short Account of the Minstrels. 2 vols. London: Cramer, Beale and Chappell, [1858-59]. Rpt. New York: Dover, 1965.

• Largely superseding Chappell’s National English Airs of 1838, Popular Music of the Olden Time was an attempt to prepare a collection of English secular songs, including broadsides, traditional material, and art songs, with music, up to about the end of the eighteenth century.

226. Child, Francis James, ed. The English and Scottish Popular Ballads. 5 vols. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin, 1882-98. Rpt. New York: Dover 1965.

• The standard, scholarly edition of the texts of the classical ballads, with a few tunes included in the last volume (although the standard edition of ballad tunes is that of Bronson). Inexperienced users of Child should note that at the end of each volume there are additions and corrections to material in the previous volumes. Although the collection is dominated by Scottish versions, not least because collecting in England was only beginning when Child was compiling his edition, there are still many English versions included, especially some of the earliest ballads from manuscripts and broadsides.

227. Collinson, Francis M., and Francis Dillon, eds:

Songs from the Countryside, As Featured in ‘Country Magazine’. London: Paxton, 1946.

Folk Songs from ‘Country Magazine’. London: Paxton, 1952.

• Songs collected for the BBC radio programme which was to provide a significant impetus for the post-war revival.

228. Dawney, Michael, ed. The Ploughboy’s Glory: A Selection of Hitherto Unpublished Folk Songs Collected by George Butterworth. London: EFDSS, 1977.

• A selection containing several well-known songs, and covering a wide geographical range.

229. Dixon, James Henry, ed. Ancient Poems, Ballads, and Songs of the Peasantry of England, Taken Down from Oral Recitation, and Transcribed from Private Manuscripts, Rare Broadsides, and Scarce Publications. London: T. Richards for the Percy Society, 1846. Rpt. East Ardsley: EP Publishing, 1973.

• Song texts, particularly from Yorkshire and Tyneside, with some material from elsewhere.

230. D'Urfey, T. Wit and Mirth: or Pills to Purge Melancholy; Being a Collection of the Best Merry Ballads and Songs, Old and New. Fitted to All Humours, Having Each Their Proper Tune for Either Voice, or Instrument: Most of the Songs Being New Set. 6 vols. London: W. Pearson for J. Tonson, 1719-20.

• A vast variety of material, including political, romantic, comic, and bawdy songs, some of which may have entered tradition.

231. Gilbert, Davies. Some Ancient Christmas Carols, with the Tunes to Which They Were Formerly Sung in the West of England, Together with Two Ancient Ballads, a Dialogue, etc. 2nd ed. London: John Nichols, 1823.

• Twenty carols, with other songs, and tunes; the first edition, of 1822, contains just eight carols.

232. Hamer, Fred. Garners Gay: English Folk Songs Collected by Fred Hamer. London: E.F.D.S. Publications, 1967.

• Includes songs from Bedfordshire, Cambridgeshire, Cornwall, Lancashire, Shropshire, and Worcestershire.

233. Hamer, Fred. Green Groves: More English Folk Songs Collected by Fred Hamer. London: E.F.D.S. Publications, 1973.

• Includes songs from Essex, Bedfordshire, Northamptonshire, Worcestershire, Shropshire, Lancashire, Lincolnshire, Durham.

234. Henderson, Kathy, with Frankie Armstrong and Sandra Kerr. My Song Is My Own: 100 Women’s Songs. London: Pluto Press, 1979.

• A favourite with revivalists influenced by the women’s movement, including traditional songs, broadsides, and songs of more recent composition.

235. JEFDSS 5 (1946): 13-22.

• Songs collected by Francis M. Collinson, including songs from Harry Cox.

236. JFSS 1 (1902): 139-225.

• Songs collected by Lucy Broadwood, chiefly in Sussex and Surrey, including some from Henry Burstow of Horsham, and other material from Bedfordshire, Cambridgeshire, Devon, Hampshire, Hertfordshire, Oxfordshire.

237. JFSS 1 (1904): 228-257.

• Various songs, several of them from Yorkshire, from the collecting of Frank Kidson.

238. JFSS 2 (1905): 79-139.

• A miscellany of songs, ballads, and carols, from various sources and collectors.

239. JFSS 2 (1906): 250-299.

• A miscellany of songs, including sea songs and songs from Yorkshire, from the collecting of Frank Kidson.

240. JFSS 3 (1908): 170-242.

• A mixture of songs from Lincolnshire and shanties collected by Percy Grainger, most of the former recorded with the phonograph.

241. JFSS 5 (1914): 1-94.

• Carols, shanties, Irish songs sung in England, songs associated with customs, and other songs, collected in various places by Cecil Sharp.

242. JFSS 5 (1915): 122-148.

• Various narrative songs.

243. JFSS 5 (1915): 174-203.

• Various (somewhat ill-assorted) songs of love and country life.

244. JFSS 5 (1916): 253-267.

• Narrative and historical ballads and songs, largely from Somerset, collected by Cecil Sharp.

245. JFSS 5 (1916): 277-296.

• A miscellany of forfeit songs, cumulative songs, songs of marvels and of magical animals.

246. Kennedy, Peter, ed. Folksongs of Britain and Ireland: A Guidebook to the Living Tradition of Folksinging in the British Isles and Ireland, Containing 360 Folksongs from Field Recordings Sung in English, Lowland Scots, Scottish Gaelic, Irish Gaelic and Manx Gaelic, Welsh, Cornish, Channel Islands French, Romany and Tinkers' Cants, etc. London: Cassell, 1975.

• A very substantial collection, arranged by region and by theme, largely from field recordings, and including other bibliographical information.

247. Kidson, Frank, ed. Traditional Tunes: A Collection of Ballad Airs, Chiefly Obtained in Yorkshire and the South of Scotland; Together with Their Appropriate Words from Broadsides and from Oral Tradition. Oxford: Chas. Taphouse, 1891. Rpt. East Ardsley: S. R. Publishers, 1970.

• A collection of songs edited in a scholarly manner (with the emphasis on the melody), mainly from Yorkshire, and often illustrative of nineteenth-century social conditions.

248. Mason, M. H. Nursery Rhymes and Country Songs, Both Tunes and Words from Tradition. 2nd ed. London: Metzler, 1909.

• Children’s and other songs, several of them from Northumberland.

249. Palmer, Roy, ed. A Touch on the Times: Songs of Social Change 1770-1914. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1974.

• Songs on social themes, largely from broadsides.

250. Palmer, Roy, ed. Everyman’s Book of English Country Songs. London: Dent, 1979. Rpt. as English Country Songbook. London: Omnibus Press, 1986.

• A wide variety of songs about work, deference and protest, crime, courtship and marriage, pastimes and customs.

251. Palmer, Roy, ed. Everyman’s Book of British Ballads. London: Dent, 1980. Rpt. as A Book of British Ballads. Felinfach: Llanerch, 1998.

• Narrative songs from broadsides and tradition, and some of recent composition.

252. Palmer, Roy, ed. Folk Songs Collected by Ralph Vaughan Williams. London: Dent, 1983.

• A good edition of songs collected by Vaughan Williams, arranged by counties.

253. Purslow, Frank, ed.:

 Marrow Bones: English Folk Songs from the Hammond and Gardiner Mss. London: E.F.D.S. Publications, 1965.

The Wanton Seed: More English Folk Songs from the Hammond & Gardiner Mss. London: E.F.D.S. Publications, 1968.

The Constant Lovers: More English Folk Songs from the Hammond & Gardiner Mss. London: E.F.D.S. Publications, 1972.

The Foggy Dew: More English Folk Songs from the Hammond & Gardiner Mss. London: E.F.D.S. Publications, 1974.

• Four books of songs, mainly from Dorset and Hampshire, from the Hammond and Gardiner collections, which were influential for the post-war revival and remain very useful; some of the texts and tunes are emended, but this is indicated in the notes.

254. Reeves, James, ed. The Idiom of the People: English Traditional Verse Edited with an Introduction and Notes from the Manuscripts of Cecil J. Sharp. London: Heinemann, 1958.

• An edition of some of the song texts collected by Cecil Sharp, without tunes, but with an interesting introduction which discusses the folk song idiom.

255. Reeves, James, ed. The Everlasting Circle: English Traditional Verse, Edited with an Introduction and Notes from the Manuscripts of S. Baring-Gould, H. E. D. Hammond and George B. Gardiner. London: Heinemann, 1960.

• An edition of texts, without tunes, from Hampshire and the south-west, collected by Sabine Baring-Gould, the Hammond brothers, and George B. Gardiner, with an introduction which includes observations on folk song style.

256. Richards, Sam, and Tish Stubbs. The English Folksinger: 159 Modern and Traditional Folksongs. Glasgow and London: Collins, 1979.

• A good selection of English songs and some modern compositions, thematically arranged.

257. Sedley, Stephen, ed. The Seeds of Love. London: Essex Music, 1967.

• A selection of well-known folk songs which has been much used in the post-war revival (which is the reason it is included here), but the editorial collations greatly diminish its worth.

258. Seeger, Peggy, and Ewan MacColl. The Singing Island: A Collection of English and Scots Folksongs. London: Mills Music, 1960.

• Songs from assorted English and Scottish sources (including MacColl himself).

259. Sharp, Cecil. Cecil Sharp’s Collection of English Folk Songs. Ed. Maud Karpeles. 2 vols. London: Oxford University Press, 1974.

• The most comprehensive, but still far from complete, edition of Sharp’s song collecting in England.

260. [Sharp, Cecil.] The Crystal Spring: English Folk Songs Collected by Cecil Sharp. Ed. Maud Karpeles. Guitar chords by Pat Shaw. 2 vols [also in 1 vol.]. London: Oxford University Press, 1975.

• Mostly songs from Somerset, but with some from Berkshire, Buckinghamshire, Cambridgeshire, Cornwall, Devonshire, Gloucestershire, Herefordshire, Kent, Lancashire, London, Oxfordshire, Shropshire, Sussex, Warwickshire, and Yorkshire, reflecting the pattern of Sharp’s collecting.

261. Thomson, R. S. ‘Songs from the Grainger Collection’. FMJ 2 (1974): 335-351.

• Previously unpublished songs collected by Percy Grainger in Lincolnshire and elsewhere, with notes.

262. Vaughan Williams, R., and A. L. Lloyd, eds. The Penguin Book of English Folk Songs: From the Journal of the Folk Song Society and the Journal of the English Folk Dance and Song Society. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1959.

• The influential book for the post-war folk song revival, for long regarded as the standard collection of the best-known English folk songs, perhaps with a bias to the south of England; some of the texts are collated.

263. Wales, Tony, ed. Field and Furrow: Songs of Farm and Country. London: EFDSS, 1968.

• A selection of songs from various sources, on very broadly rural themes.

5.2. North-east England

Cross-references: There is north-eastern material in some of the more general song collections (e.g. 220, 229, 248). The north-east is well represented among miners’ songs (400, 401, 404; see also 402, 403); and there are also some songs associated with customs from the region (447).

264. Allan’s Illustrated Edition of Tyneside Songs and Readings. With Lives, Portraits, and Autographs of the Writers, and Notes on the Songs. Rev. ed. Newcastle-upon-Tyne: Thomas & George Allan, 1891. Rpt. with an introduction by David Harker. Newcastle-upon-Tyne: Frank Graham, 1972.

• A substantial early collection of local song texts (without tunes).

265. Bell, John, ed. Rhymes of Northern Bards: Being a Curious Collection of Old and New Songs and Poems Peculiar to the Counties of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Northumberland and Durham. Newcastle-upon-Tyne: J. Bell, 1812. Rpt. with an introduction by David Harker. Newcastle-upon-Tyne: Frank Graham, 1971.

• An early regional collection of song texts, and the names of tunes, by a seemingly trustworthy editor, which provided north-eastern material for some other collections (220, 229, 266).

266. Bruce, J. Collingwood, and John Stokoe, eds. Northumbrian Minstrelsy: A Collection of the Ballads, Melodies, and Small-Pipe Tunes of Northumbria. Newcastle-upon-Tyne: Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, 1882.

• One of the great early collections of regional song, even though both tunes and words have been subjected to editing, and the provenance of some of the songs is not immediately evident.

267. Crawhall, Joseph. A Beuk o’ Newcassel Sangs. Newcastle-on-Tyne: Mawson, Swan, & Morgan, 1888. Rpt. Newcastle-upon-Tyne: Harold Hill, 1965.

• Intended as a collection of popular songs by local poets, with tunes.

268. Polwarth, Gwen Marchant. Folk Songs of Northumberland. Newcastle-upon-Tyne: University of Newcastle-upon-Tyne Adult Education Department, 1966.

• North-eastern songs from the manuscripts of Thomas Hepple and John Bell.

269. Polwarth, Gwen and Mary. North Country Songs, with Fiddle Tunes, Pipe Tunes, and Street Cries. Newcastle-upon-Tyne: Frank Graham, 1969.

• Miners’ songs, children’s songs and singing games, street cries, and songs of a more general nature.

270. Polwarth, Gwen and Mary. Folk Songs and Dance Tunes from the North, with Fiddle Tunes, Pipe Tunes and Street Cries. Newcastle-upon-Tyne: Frank Graham, 1970.

• Songs from tradition and from manuscripts.

5.3. North-west England

Cross-references: Songs are included in Elbourne’s study of traditions in Lancashire (97). There are also some songs associated with customs from the north-west (445).

 271. Boardman, Harry and Lesley, eds. Folk Songs & Ballads of Lancashire. London and New York: Oak Publications, 1973.

• Includes broadsides and dialect pieces.

272. Boardman, Harry, and Roy Palmer, eds. Manchester Ballads: Thirty-Five Facsimile Street Ballads. Manchester: City of Manchester Education Committee, 1983.

• A nicely produced collection of facsimiles of broadsides of varied local interest.

273. Dearnley, Dorothy. Seven Cheshire Folk-Songs. Arranged by Freda Brislee. London: Oxford University Press, 1967

• A few, heavily arranged, songs, with little accompanying information, from a county which is otherwise under-represented in folk song collections.

274. Gilpin, Sidney. The Songs and Ballads of Cumberland and the Lake Country, with Biographical Sketches, Notes, and Glossary. 2nd ed. 3 vols. London: John Russell Smith; Carlisle: G. & T. Coward, 1874.

• A variety of texts (without tunes), including classical ballads and songs by local poets.

275. Harding, Mike. The Mike Harding Collection: Folk Songs of Lancashire. Manchester: Whitethorn Press, 1980.

• An interesting local song book, compiled from a variety of sources.

276. Harland, John, ed. Ballads & Songs of Lancashire, Ancient and Modern. 2nd ed. Revised by T. T. Wilkinson. London: Routledge and Gent, 1875.

• A disparate collection of texts (without tunes), divided along broadly thematic lines.

 5.4. Yorkshire and Lincolnshire

Cross-references: South Yorkshire is represented in the south Pennine tradition of carol-singing (434, 435; see also 432, 433), and in other song collections (e.g. 220, 229, 237, 239, 247). There are also songs associated with customs and children’s songs from Yorkshire (448, 457, 463). Renwick has chapters on material from Yorkshire (141).

277. Forshaw, Chas. F., ed. Holroyd’s Collection of Yorkshire Ballads. London: G. Bell, 1892. Rpt. East Ardsley: EP Publishing, 1974.

• Various song texts, some of which appear rather literary.

278. Gardham, Steve, ed. An East Riding Songster: A Selection of Folk-Song from the East Riding. Music arranged by Dave Hill. Lincoln and Hull: Lincolnshire and Humberside Arts, 1982.

• Songs from traditional singers, with a few from print and manuscripts.

279. Hunters’ Songs: Traditional Songs Sung by the Holme Valley Beagles Hunt. 4th ed. N.p.: [Holme Valley Beagles Hunt], 1990.

• Songs unique to the area and the Holme Valley Beagles Hunt, and other hunting songs, which reflect a genuine tradition, however one feels about hunting.

280. JFSS 2 (1906): 266-281.

• Yorkshire songs collected by Frank Kidson; the words are not always given in full.

281. O'Shaughnessy, Patrick, ed. Twenty-One Lincolnshire Folk-Songs from the Manuscript Collection of Percy Grainger. London: Oxford University Press in conjunction with the Lincolnshire Association, 1968.

• A representative selection of the material collected by Percy Grainger in Lincolnshire.

282. O'Shaughnessy, Patrick, ed. More Folk Songs from Lincolnshire. London: Oxford University Press in conjunction with the Lincolnshire Association, 1971.

• Songs collected in Lincolnshire (most of those in this volume not from the Grainger collection).

283. O'Shaughnessy, Patrick, ed. Yellowbelly Ballads: A Third Selection of Lincolnshire Folk-Songs, the Majority of Them from the Collection of Percy Aldridge Grainger. 2 pts. Lincoln: Lincolnshire and Humberside Arts, 1975.

• Lincolnshire songs mainly from the Percy Grainger collection; "yellowbelly" is a name for a native of Lincolnshire.

284. O'Shaughnessy, Patrick, ed. Late Leaves from Lincolnshire: Folk-Songs Still in Oral Tradition There, Collected by Brian Dawson, John Pape & Patrick O'Shaughnessy. Lincoln and Hull: Lincolnshire and Humberside Arts, 1980.

• Songs collected from traditional singers.

285. Smith, Paul S., David A. E. Spalding, and Frank Sutton. Cum All Yo Cutlin' Heroes: Songs from Sheffield and District. Sheffield: Sheffield City Museum, 1967.

• Sheffield songs from tradition and broadsides, many of them written by Sheffield workmen.

5.5 The Midlands

Cross-references: The Midlands are represented among carol-singing traditions (434, 439). There are also songs associated with customs from Midland counties (444, 449, 453, 454).

286. Baldwin, John R. ‘Song in the Upper Thames Valley: 1966-1969’. FMJ 1 (1969): 315-349.

• Songs collected in the upper Thames valley (Oxfordshire, Gloucestershire, Berkshire) some fifty years on from the time of Alfred Williams, with an introduction.

287. Berry, Barbara, ed. Down the Green Groves: Songs from Oxfordshire, Collected by Alfred Williams (1877-1930). Music transcription by Jay Silvercroft. Kirtlington: Pedlar Music, 1989.

• Eighteen songs from Alfred Williams’s manuscripts, set to various tunes (Williams noted no tunes).

288. Burne, Charlotte Sophia, ed. Shropshire Folk-Lore: A Sheaf of Gleanings, from the Collections of Georgina F. Jackson. 2 vols. London: Trübner; Shrewsbury: Adnitt & Naunton; Chester: Minshull & Hughes, 1883[-86].

• One of the great collections of regional folklore, which includes some songs.

289. FMJ 3 (1976): 150-157.

• Songs from the Janet Blunt Manuscript, from Adderbury, Oxfordshire.

290. Foxworthy, Tony. Forty Long Miles: Twenty-Three English Folk Songs from the Collection of Janet Heatley Blunt. London: Galliard-EFDSS, 1976.

• Songs collected in Adderbury, Oxfordshire.

291. Hill, Rev. Geoffry. Wiltshire Folk Songs and Carols. Bournemouth: W. Mate, [1904].

• Nine songs and carols, the latter reflecting a local choir tradition.

292. JEFDSS 7 (1953): 96-105.

• Seven songs recorded by the BBC from Cecilia Costello of Birmingham (of Irish extraction), including some classical ballads, with an introduction by Marie Slocombe.

293. Leather, Ella Mary. The Folk-Lore of Herefordshire Collected from Oral and Printed Sources. Hereford: Jakeman & Carver; London: Sidgwick & Jackson, 1912. Rpt. East Ardsley: S.R. Publishers, 1970.

• A regional folklore collection which includes some ballads, songs, and carols.

294. Palmer, Roy, ed. Songs of the Midlands. Music edited by Pamela Bishop and Katharine Thomson. East Ardsley: EP Publishing, 1972.

• An important collection, including songs from Cecilia Costello and George Dunn.

295. Palmer, Roy. ‘George Dunn: Twenty-One Songs and Fragments’. FMJ 2 (1973): 275-296.

• Songs from the Staffordshire singer, with some information about his life.

296. Palmer, Roy, ed. Birmingham Ballads: Facsimile Street Ballads. Birmingham: City of Birmingham Education Department, 1979.

• A selection of nineteenth-century broadsides reproduced in facsimile, with detailed notes.

297. Piper, Ken, ed. To Pass the Music On: Songs and Rhymes from Buckinghamshire. Steeple Claydon: K. J. Piper, 1996.

• A well-produced, ring-bound volume of songs old and new, broadsides, etc., collected in and/or referring to the county of Buckinghamshire.

298. Raven, Jon. Kate of Coalbrookdale: Songs from Broadsheets of the 18th and 19th Century. London: Robbins Music, 1971.

• A variety of songs which have appeared on broadsides.

299. Raven, Jon. The Urban & Industrial Songs of the Black Country and Birmingham. Wolverhampton: Broadside, 1977.

• Song texts from tradition and print; the tunes are either specially composed or from alternative sources.

300. Raven, Michael, ed. The Jolly Machine: Songs of Industrial Protest and Social Discontent from the West Midlands. Stafford: Stafford Spanish Guitar Centre, 1974.

• Songs from the Industrial Revolution, mostly from broadsides or local newspapers.

301. Smith, Len, introd. The Carpet Weaver’s Lament: Songs and Ballads of Kidderminster in the Industrial Revolution. Kidderminster: Kenneth Tomkinson, 1979.

• Songs and poems of local interest, from sources such as broadsides and magazines.

302. Williams, Alfred, ed. Folk-Songs of the Upper Thames. London: Duckworth, 1923.

• A very important collection of texts (without music) from the Oxfordshire, Gloucestershire, Berkshire, Wiltshire region.

5.6. East Anglia

Cross-references: There is material from East Anglia in Palmer’ s edition of songs collected by Ralph Vaughan Williams (252).

303. Howson, John. Songs Sung in Suffolk: 117 Songs from 20 Suffolk Singers. Stowmarket: Veteran Tapes, 1992.

• Folk songs, sentimental songs, comic songs, and songs of the sea, collected in Suffolk in recent times. The words are printed without tunes, but the book accompanies six cassettes released by Veteran Tapes [VT101-106].

304. JFSS 2 (1906): 143-160.

• Songs collected in Essex by Vaughan Williams; words are not always given in full.

305. JFSS 2 (1906): 161-183.

• Songs collected in Norfolk by Vaughan Williams; words are not always given in full.

306. JFSS 4 (1910): 84-91.

• Songs collected in Norfolk, mainly by Vaughan Williams; words are not always given in full.

307. JFSS 7 (1922): 1-24.

• Seventeen songs, some with a nautical flavour, collected by E. J. Moeran in Norfolk.

308. Moeran, E. J. Six Folk Songs from Norfolk. London: Augener, 1924.

• A sample from Moeran’s collecting in East Anglia.

309. Moeran, E. J. Six Suffolk Folk-Songs. London: Curwen, 1932.

• A sample from Moeran’s collecting in East Anglia.

310. Occomore, D. Curiosities of Essex: Being Glimpses of Essex History as Seen from Broadside Ballads, Containing Over Fifty Ballads Newly Reprinted. Hornchurch: Ian Henry Publications, 1984.

• Historical broadsides relating to events in the county of Essex.

311. Occomore, David, and Philip Spratley. Bushes & Briars: An Anthology of Essex Folk Songs. Ed. Chris Johnson. Loughton: Monkswood Press, 1979.

• Songs from tradition and from broadsides.

312. Vaughan Williams, R. Folk Songs from the Eastern Counties. London: Novello, 1908.

• Songs from Essex, Norfolk, and Cambridgeshire.

5.7. South-west England

Cross-references: The south-west is represented in more general song collections (e.g. 255), and the region has a long tradition of carol-singing (231, 428, 436, 440). There are also some songs associated with customs and children’s songs from the south-west (441, 451, 455, 456).

313. Baring Gould, S., H. Fleetwood Sheppard, and F. W. Bussell. Songs of the West: Folk Songs of Devon & Cornwall Collected from the Mouths of the People. Rev. ed. Music edited by Cecil J. Sharp. London: Methuen: [1905].

• One of the earliest collections from the south-west; this is effectively the third edition of the collection called Songs and Ballads of the West in previous editions. It is still of historical significance, and of interest for the information about the singers in the introduction and notes; the texts, however, are unreliable, as Baring-Gould often substantially altered them for publication.

314. Brocklebank, Joan, and Biddie Kindersley, eds. A Dorset Book of Folk Songs. London: EFDSS, 1948.

• A small selection from the Hammond brothers’ collection.

315. Dunstan, Ralph. The Cornish Song Book (Lyver Canow Kernewek). London: Reid Bros, 1929.

• A collection which was originally compiled for community singing, with some songs in Cornish.

316. Dunstan, Ralph. Cornish Dialect and Folk Songs. Truro: Jordan’s Bookshop; London: Reid Bros, 1932.

• A sequel to The Cornish Song Book.

317. Gundry, Inglis, ed. Canow Kernow: Songs and Dances from Cornwall. N.p.: Federation of Old Cornwall Societies, 1966.

• A variety of songs, a few with translations into Cornish.

318. Hammond, H. E. D. Folk Songs from Dorset. London: Novello, 1908.

• Sixteen songs from Dorset, from the Hammond brothers’ collection.

319. Hitchcock, Gordon. Folk Songs of the West Country, Collected by Sabine Baring-Gould, Annotated from the MSS at Plymouth Library and with Additional Material. Newton Abbot: David & Charles, 1974.

• Songs edited from the Baring-Gould manuscripts at Plymouth, though not a scholarly edition, and now superseded by the discovery of further Baring-Gould manuscripts.

320. Hunt, Robert, ed. Popular Romances of the West of England; Or, The Drolls, Traditions, and Superstitions of Old Cornwall. London, 1865.

• An anthology of regional folklore, which includes some song texts.

321. JFSS 2 (1905): 1-60.

• Songs collected by Cecil Sharp in Somerset and North Devon in 1903-04.

322. JFSS 3 (1907): 59-136.

• Ballads, love songs, sea songs and sailor songs, and other kinds of songs collected in Dorset by the Hammond brothers.

323. Patten, Bob and Jacqueline. Somerset Scrap Book: Songs, Stories and Music from the County of Somerset. [Priddy]: Ina Books, 1987.

• A selection compiled from the fieldwork of two modern collectors, with an accompanying cassette.

324. Sharp, Cecil J., and Charles L. Marson. Folk Songs from Somerset. 5 vols. London: Simpkin; Schott; Taunton: Barnicott and Pearce, 1904-09.

• Includes some 130 out of a total of more than 1500 songs collected in 1903-07 by Sharp and various friends in Somerset; the last two volumes were edited by Sharp alone.

 5.8. Southern England

Cross-references: Songs from southern England are also included in some other collections (e.g. 46, 47, 48, 221, 417, 424).

325. Andrews, Colin. Shepherd of the Downs: The Life and Songs of Michael Blann of Upper Beeding. Worthing: Worthing Museum & Art Gallery, 1979.

• Texts from the singer’s manuscript notebook, which is in Worthing Museum; the tunes are borrowed from other collections and singers.

326. [Broadwood, Rev. John.] Old English Songs, As Now Sung by the Peasantry of the Weald of Surrey and Sussex, and Collected by One Who Has Learnt Them by Hearing Them Sung Every Christmas from Early Childhood, by the Country People, Who Go About to the Neighbouring Houses, Singing, or 'Wassailing' as It Is Called, at that Season. The Airs Are Set to Music Exactly as They Are Now Sung, to Rescue Them from Oblivion, and to Afford a Specimen of Genuine Old English Melody: and the Words Are Given in Their Original Rough State, with an Occasional Slight Alteration To Render the Sense Intelligible. Harmonised by G. A. Dusart. London: Balls, for private circulation, [1843].

• Arguably the first English collection of traditional songs.

327. Browne, John Paddy, ed. Folk Songs of Old Hampshire. Horndean: Milestone Publications, 1987.

• Includes both songs about Hampshire and folk songs collected in Hampshire, with some substantial background notes.

328. Butterworth, George S. K. Folk Songs from Sussex. London: Augener, [1913].

• Contains eleven songs.

329. Copper family, The. The Copper Family Song Book: A Living Tradition. Introduction by Bob Copper. Music transcription by David and Caro Kettlewell. Peacehaven: Coppersongs, 1995.

• Contains the words and music to sixty-five songs from the repertoire of the Sussex singing family, in a ring-bound volume designed to resemble the family’s songbook.

330. Gardiner, George B. Folk Songs from Hampshire. London: Novello, 1909.

• A sample from Gardiner’s collecting in Hampshire.

331. Gillington, Alice E. Eight Hampshire Folk Songs Taken from the Mouths of the Peasantry. London: Curwen, [1907].

• No indication is given of provenance.

332. JFSS 1 (1901): 64-138.

• Songs collected from Henry Hills in Sussex by Percy Merrick.

333. JFSS 2 (1906), 184-209.

• Songs collected in Sussex by Ralph Vaughan Williams; the words are not always given in full.

334. JFSS 3 (1909): 247-317.

• A substantial number of songs collected in Hampshire by George Gardiner.

335. JFSS 4 (1913): 279-324.

• Sussex songs collected by George Butterworth, with some versions from elsewhere by way of comparison.

336. Merrick, W. Percy. Folk Songs from Sussex. London: Novello, [1912].

• Fifteen songs from Henry Hills.

337. Stubbs, Ken. The Life of a Man: English Folk Songs from the Home Counties. Material transcribed by Roger Nicholls. London: E.F.D.S. Publications, 1970.

• A substantial selection of songs, from some respected singers, the majority from Sussex.

338. Wales, Tony. We Wunt Be Druv: Songs and Stories from Sussex. London: Galliard-EFDSS, 1976.

• A good selection of songs and narratives.

6. Early manuscripts, early print, and broadsides

Broadsides, printed in increasing numbers from the sixteenth century onwards, as well as some early song manuscripts and other early printed sources, provide significant knowledge of the English folk song tradition, especially for the period before collecting started on a substantial scale. Broadsides were often taken up by traditional singers, and there is some evidence that on occasion songs already in oral circulation were printed on broadsides.

Cross-references: Some local broadsides are listed by region (e.g. 272, 285, 296, 298, 310); broadsides are also included in some other collections (e.g. 271, 439) and among occupational songs, and are considered in various studies (91, 97, 111, 124, 125, 176, 178, 378, 380). Several studies consider the relationship between oral and printed traditions in folk song transmission (77, 89, 90, 154, 169). The standard study of the music of the broadsides is by Simpson (167). Rollins provides an index to early broadside titles (476).

339. Ashton, John. Modern Street Ballads. London: Chatto & Windus, 1888.

• Early nineteenth century broadsides, arranged by themes.

340. Bidgood, Z. D. M. ‘The Significance of Thomas Ravenscroft’. FMJ 4 (1980): 24-34.

• An assessment of material included in the earliest English printed collections to make use of songs of popular and/or traditional origin.

341. Clark, Andrew, ed. The Shirburn Ballads 1585-1616. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1907.

• An edition of an early collection of historical, romantic, and religious broadsides.

342. Collison, Robert. The Story of Street Literature: Forerunner of the Popular Press. London: Dent, 1973.

• A thematic survey of newsworthy aspects of the material contained in broadsides.

343. Day, W. G., ed. The Pepys Ballads. 5 vols. Catalogue of the Pepys Library at Magdalene College, Cambridge, Facsimile Volumes I-V. Cambridge: D. S. Brewer, 1987.

• A facsimile edition of the ballad sheets collected by Samuel Pepys in the seventeenth century, which comprise one of the major early broadside collections.

344. Euing Collection of English Broadside Ballads in the Library of the University of Glasgow, The. Introduction by John Holloway. Glasgow: University of Glasgow Publications, 1971.

• A facsimile reprint of a collection of early broadsides in Glasgow University Library.

345. Hales, John W., and Frederick J. Furnivall, eds.:

 Bishop Percy’s Folio Manuscript: Ballads and Romances. 3 vols. London: Trübner, 1867-68.

 Bishop Percy’s Folio Manuscript: Loose and Humorous Songs. London: Trübner, 1867.

• An edition of a very important mid-seventeenth century manuscript, of English provenance, containing texts of ballads and other songs. Child considered the Percy folio manuscript essential for compiling The English and Scottish Popular Ballads.

346. Harker, Dave. ‘The Price You Pay: An Introduction to the Life and Songs of Laurence Price’. Lost in Music: Culture, Style and the Musical Event. Ed. Avron Levine White. Sociological Review Monograph, 34. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1987: 107-163.

• A study of the work of one of the better-known broadside writers, in relation to the historical and political context of the seventeenth century.

347. Hindley, Charles. The History of the Catnach Press, at Berwick-upon-Tweed, Alnwick and Newcastle-upon-Tyne, in Northumberland, and Seven Dials, London. London, 1887. Rpt. Detroit: Singing Tree Press, 1969.

• The story of one of the great broadside printers, James Catnach, with examples.

348. Holloway, John, and Joan Black, eds. Later English Broadside Ballads. 2 vols. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1975-79.

• Eighteenth and nineteenth century broadsides, of all kinds.

349. Knapman, Zinnia. ‘A Reappraisal of Percy’s Editing’. FMJ 5 (1986): 202-214.

• A study of the way in which Thomas Percy edited manuscript material (see 345) in order to create a national collection of folk songs (352).

350. Knight, Stephen. ‘From Print to Script: Editing the Forresters Manuscript’. Ballads into Books: The Legacies of Francis James Child. Ed. Tom Cheesman and Sigrid Rieuwerts. Selected Papers from the 26th International Ballad Conference (SIEF Ballad Commission), Swansea, Wales, 19-24 July 1996. Bern: Peter Lang, 1997: 179-187.

• Describes a ballad manuscript of the late seventeenth century and the problems posed by it, especially its relationship with the same ballads in print.

351. Madden Collection of Broadsides, The.

• The largest collection of broadsides covering the period 1775-1850, held at the University of Cambridge Library, and on microfilm at the VWML.

352. Percy, Thomas. Reliques of Ancient English Poetry: Consisting of Old Heroic Ballads, Songs, and Other Pieces of Our Earlier Poets, Together with Some Few of Later Date. 3 vols. London, 1765. Rpt. New York: Dover, 1966. Rpt. with an introduction by Nick Groom. London: Routledge/Thoemmes Press, 1996.

• One of the earliest collections of English ballads and other songs, heavily edited from manuscript and printed sources (see 345, 349).

353. Pinto, Vivian de Sola, and Allan Edwin Rodway, eds. The Common Muse: An Anthology of Popular British Ballad Poetry, XVth-XXth century. London: Chatto & Windus, 1957.

• An extensive selection of material in the genre, including some pieces from manuscripts and old editions.

354. Rimbault, Edward F. Musical Illustrations of Bishop Percy’s Reliques of Ancient English Poetry. A Collection of Old Ballad Tunes, etc. Chiefly from Rare MSS. and Early Printed Books. Deciphered from the Obsolete Notation, and Harmonized and Arranged According to Modern Usage. London: Cramer, Beale, 1850.

• Music to accompany some of the texts in Percy’s Reliques.

355. Rollins, Hyder E. ‘Martin Parker, Ballad-monger. Modern Philology 16 (1919): 449-474.

• Surveys the life and work of a prolific seventeenth-century broadside writer.

356. Rollins, Hyder E., ed. Old English Ballads 1553-1625: Chiefly from Manuscripts. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1920.

• An edition of some of the earliest political, topical, and religious broadsides.

357. Rollins, Hyder E., ed. A Pepysian Garland: Black-Letter Broadside Ballads of the Years 1595-1639, Chiefly from the Collection of Samuel Pepys. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1922.

• A single-volume edition of some of the broadsides collected by Samuel Pepys in the seventeenth century.

358. Rollins, Hyder Edward, ed. The Pack of Autolycus: Or Strange and Terrible News of Ghosts, Apparitions, Monstrous Births, Showers of Wheat, Judgments of God, and Other Prodigious and Fearful Happenings as Told in Broadside Ballads of the Years 1624-1693. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1927.

• An anthology which gives a good feel for the range of subjects encompassed in seventeenth-century broadsides, and which might have been sold by pedlars like Autolycus in The Winter’s Tale.

359. Rollins, Hyder Edward, ed. The Pepys Ballads. 8 vols. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1929-32.

• Still the standard edition of the major collection of broadsides made by Samuel Pepys in the seventeenth century.

360. Roxburghe Ballads, The. Vols 1-3 with notes by Wm. Chappell; vols 4-9 edited by J. Woodfall Ebsworth. 9 vols. London and Hertford: Ballad Society, 1869-99.

• An edition of a major seventeenth and eighteenth-century broadside collection.

361. Shepard, Leslie. The Broadside Ballad: A Study in Origins and Meaning. London: Herbert Jenkins, 1962.

• An introductory essay which attempts to place broadsides in a social and intellectual context, with examples.

362. Shepard, Leslie. John Pitts: Ballad Printer of Seven Dials, London 1765-1844, with a Short Account of His Predecessors in the Ballad & Chapbook Trade. London: Private Libraries Association, 1969.

• A survey of broadside printing, especially in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, with the emphasis on one well-known and prolific printer.

363. Simpson, Claude M., Jr. ‘Ebsworth and the Roxburghe Ballads’. JAF, 61 (1948): 337-344.

• Discusses the editing of this important broadside collection.

364. Spufford, Margaret. Small Books and Pleasant Histories: Popular Fiction and Its Readership in Seventeenth-Century England. London: Methuen, 1981. Rpt. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985.

• A wide-ranging discussion of popular print in the seventeenth century, which has much to say about broadside distribution, and also places the broadside ballads in their wider literary context.

365. Thomson, Robert S. ‘The Development of the Broadside Ballad Trade and Its Influence Upon the Transmission of English Folksongs’. PhD thesis, Queen’s College, University of Cambridge, 1974.

• A seminal thesis on the influence of print on oral folk song traditions (a microfilm copy of the thesis is held in the VWML).

366. Vicinus, Martha. Broadsides of the Industrial North. Newcastle-upon-Tyne: Frank Graham, 1975.

• A nicely produced book of facsimile broadsides of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, illustrative of life in industrial towns.

367. Watt, Tessa. Cheap Print and Popular Piety 1550-1640. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991.

• Describes the broadside trade, and goes on to relate the contents of early broadsides to currents in popular theology; a masterly study of a subject area that was of great importance in the early development of broadside printing but has not received much attention.

368. Würzbach, Natascha. The Rise of the English Street Ballad, 1550-1650. Translated by Gayna Walls. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990.

• A literary study which uses speech-act theory to attempt a unified description of the early broadsides as a genre; the translation unfortunately makes it very difficult to digest.

369. Yates, Mike. ‘Henry Parker Such: A Short Biographical Note’. ED&S 60/3 (1998): 17-18.

• A brief account of one of the great broadside printers of the nineteenth century.

7. Occupational Songs

With the exception of sea songs and some agricultural songs and street cries, the earlier collectors did not look for occupational songs to any great extent, and it was left for A. L. Lloyd in particular to draw attention to the industrial songs of miners, weavers, and others. This section includes both collections and studies of occupational songs. Recent research has emphasised the necessity to distinguish between the songs sung by people involved in particular occupations about their work, and songs sung by outsiders about those occupations and the people engaged in them.

The more general section below includes the wider anthologies of occupational song and items such as the cries of street traders and songs about railways and canals. The occupations which are best represented in song collections—the sea, mining, the army, and to a lesser extent agriculture—are treated separately.

Cross-references: A. L. Lloyd was instrumental in recognising the place of industrial song in England, and some other studies also relate to the subject (e.g. 119, 124, 153). There are some songs relating to occupations and industries in some of the more general collections (e.g. 249, 250, 256, 276, 366).

 7.1. Various occupations

 370. Dallas, Karl, ed. One Hundred Songs of Toil. London: Wolfe Publishing, 1974.

• A good selection of traditional and contemporary songs relating to workers and occupations, covering a period some 450 years.

371. Dawney, Michael, ed. The Iron Man: English Occupational Songs. London: Galliard/Stainer & Bell in association with the Leeds University Institute of Dialect and Folk-Life Studies and the EFDSS, 1974.

• Various songs about people and their work, covering a range of different occupations.

372. Hindley, Charles. A History of the Cries of London: Ancient and Modern. 2nd ed. London, 1884. Rpt. Detroit: Singing Tree Press, 1969.

• A discursive survey of street vendors’ rhymes.

373. JFSS 4 (1910): 97-105.

• Street vendors’ cries from London and elsewhere.

374. MacColl, Ewan, ed. The Shuttle and Cage: Industrial Folk-Ballads. London: Workers’ Music Association, 1954.

• Songs about mining, railways, weaving, and other work (some written by MacColl).

375. Palmer, Roy, ed. Poverty Knock: A Picture of Industrial Life in the Nineteenth Century Through Songs, Ballads and Contemporary Accounts. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1974.

• Songs about the lives of factory workers and miners, with an interesting variety of background material.

376. Palmer, Roy. ‘The Weaver in Love’. FMJ 3 (1977): 261-274.

• Studies variations in the song ‘The Weaver and the Factory Maid’ in relation to changes brought about by the Industrial Revolution.

377. Palmer, Roy, ed. Strike the Bell: Transport by Road, Canal, Rail and Sea in the Nineteenth Century Through Songs, Ballads and Contemporary Accounts. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978.

• Songs about different kinds of transport, with some background material.

378. Porter, Gerald. ‘The Fairing Hand: Mediation of the Occupational Song’. Gender and Print Culture: New Perspectives on International Ballad Studies. Ed. Maria Herrera-Sobek. [Irvine]: Kommission für Volksdichtung of the Société Internationale d’Ethnologie et de Folklore, 1991: 105-115.

• Considers the representation of occupational singing in broadsides.

379. Porter, Gerald. ‘Women’s Working Songs’. Lore and Language 10/2 (1991): 25-37.

• A pioneering look at an otherwise neglected area of women’s singing traditions.

380. Porter, Gerald. The English Occupational Song. Umeå: University of Umeå, 1992.

• The standard study of the subject, which takes a functional approach to songs touching on a wide range of occupations over a lengthy span of time, and makes the crucial distinction between insider and outsider songs.

381. Porter, Gerald. ‘Big John: The Musical and Visual Iconography of the Male Worker’. Images, Identities and Ideologies. Ed. John M. Kirk and Colin Neilands. Papers from the 22nd International Ballad Conference, Belfast, 29 June-3 July 1992. Lore and Language 12: 173-185. Enfield Lock: Hisarlik Press, 1994: 173-185.

• Investigates the rise and eventual demise of the figure of the heroic worker in industrial songs, through both songs and visual images.

382. Porter, Gerald. ‘"Work the Old Lady Out of the Ditch": Singing at Work by English Lacemakers’. Journal of Folklore Research 31 (1994): 35-55.

• Describes the work songs of lacemakers, and their connections with folk song at large.

383. Porter, Gerald. ‘Cobblers All: Occupation as Identity and Cultural Message’. FMJ 7 (1995): 43-61.

• Traces shifts in emphasis in occupational song at large by looking at representations in song of a particular trade, that of shoemakers.

384. Porter, Gerald. ‘"Wee’l keepe our fingers playing": Women’s Work Songs and the Appropriation of Tradition’. Ballads and Boundaries: Narrative Singing in an Intercultural Context. Ed. James Porter. Los Angeles: Department of Ethnomusicology & Systematic Musicology, UCLA, 1995: 276-288.

• Investigates the way in which work songs actually draw on an established stock of traditional songs, including ballads.

385. Raven, Jon. Canal Songs. Ed. Kate Raven. Wolverhampton: Broadside Records, 1974.

• Songs from broadsides and tradition (and some written by Jon Raven for a theatre production about the canals).

386. Yates, Mike. ‘"Stand Up Ye Men of Labour": The Socio-Political Songs of Walter Pardon’. Musical Traditions No 1 (1983): 22-27.

• A short study of songs from the repertoire of one of the great English traditional singers, which go back to nineteenth-century industrial and social unrest.

7.2. Sailors’ songs and songs of the sea

Cross-references: Shanties are also included in some more general collections of songs (e.g. 240, 241; see also 42, 56).

387. Ashton, John, ed. Real Sailor-Songs. London: Leadenhall Press, 1891. Rpt. with an introduction by A. L. Lloyd. London: Broadsheet King, 1973.

• Songs about sailors and the sea, though not necessarily as sung by sailors.

388. Hugill, Stan. Shanties from the Seven Seas: Shipboard Work-Songs and Songs Used as Work-Songs from the Great Days of Sail. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul; New York: E. P. Dutton, 1961.

• The standard collection of shipboard songs, with much information on their use by sailors, from first-hand experience.

389. Hugill, Stan. Shanties and Sailors’ Songs. London: Herbert Jenkins, 1969.

• A collection of songs with a very substantial introduction, written from first-hand experience.

390. Hugill, Stan. Songs of the Sea: The Tales and Tunes of Sailors and Sailing Ships. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1977.

• A nicely illustrated collection, with anecdotes on the subjects covered by the songs.

391. JFSS 2 (1906): 236-249.

• Songs collected by Anne Gilchrist from Mr W. Bolton, retired sailor, at Southport, 1905-06.

392. JFSS 5 (1916): 297-305.

• Songs collected on board ship during Cecil Sharp’s return to England from the USA.

393. JFSS 5 (1916): 306-315.

• Shanties collected by Harry E. Piggott from John Perring, a retired sailor.

394. Kinsey, Terry L. Songs of the Sea. London: Robert Hale, 1989.

• Contains many of the best-known shanties, with some information about them.

395. Palmer, Roy, ed. The Valiant Sailor: Sea Songs and Ballads and Prose Passages Illustrating Life on the Lower Deck in Nelson’s Navy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1973.

• An integrated selection of material aimed at giving an idea of the context of the songs.

396. Palmer, Roy, ed. The Oxford Book of Sea Songs. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986.

A collection mainly of songs sung by sailors in their leisure time, with a few shanties.

397. Sharp, Cecil J. English Folk-Chanteys. London: Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent; Schott; Taunton: Barnicott & Pearce, 1914.

• Shanties collected from old sailors, arranged for the piano.

398. Tawney, Cyril. Grey Funnel Lines: Traditional Song & Verse of the Royal Navy, 1900-1970. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1987.

• A collection of songs from the navy rather than the merchant marine, compiled by the well-known singer and former submariner.

399. Walser, Robert Young. ‘"Here We Come in a Leaky Ship!": The Shanty Collection of James Madison Carpenter’. FMJ 7 (1998): 471-495.

• An account of the collection of shanties made by Carpenter at the end of the 1920s.

 7.3. Miners’ songs

Cross-references: Miners’ songs have been collected mostly from the north-east, and some are included in general collections from the area (269), and in MacColl’s book of industrial songs (374). Renwick has a chapter on folk-poetry from the Yorkshire mining area (141).

400. Colls, Robert. The Collier’s Rant: Song and Culture in the Industrial Village. London: Croom Helm; Totowa: Rowman and Littlefield, 1977.

• A social history of mining in the north-east of England, which draws on song as cultural expression to investigate how miners and their families were viewed from outside, and how they viewed themselves.

401. Dawney, Michael, ed. Doon the Wagon Way: Mining Songs from the North of England. London: Galliard/Stainer & Bell in association with the Leeds University Institute of Dialect and Folk-Life Studies and the EFDSS, 1973.

• Songs from the north-east, including some from Jack Elliott of Birtley.

402. Handle, Johnny. ‘Industrial Folk Music & Regional Music Hall in the North East: 1. Established Traditions and the New Era; 2. Growth and Extent of the Music Hall; 3. Music of the Miners’. ED&S 27/4 (1965): 106-108; 27/5 (1965): 138-141; 28/1 (1966): 6-9.

• Three articles on the musical traditions specific to the mining areas of the north-east.

403. Harker, Dave. ‘The Original Bob Cranky?’ FMJ 5 (1985): 48-82.

• Examines the expression of a developing consciousness of social differentiation in the north-east in the early nineteenth century through this song about a smart pitman.

404. Lloyd, A. L. Come All Ye Bold Miners: Ballads and Songs of the Coalfields. Rev. ed. London: Lawrence and Wishart, 1978.

• Songs about miners and their working lives, from a variety of sources.

 7.4. Soldiers’ Songs

405. Cox, Gordon. ‘Songs and Ballads of the Wet Canteen: Recollections of a British Soldier in India’. Lore and Language 3/7 (1982): 53-67.

• A study of the repertoire of John Gregson, a former soldier in India, considered as an example of how traditional song may function in an isolated community.

405. Dallas, Karl. The Cruel Wars. London: Wolfe Publishing, 1972.

• Traditional and contemporary songs about soldiers, from Agincourt to Ulster.

406. Green, A. E. ‘"McCaffery": A Study in the Variation and Function of a Ballad’. Lore and Language 1/3 (1970): 4-9; 1/4 (1971): 3-12; 1/5 (1971): 5-11.

• Argues that the truth of this song about army life is more likely to be ethical than historical, and suggests that the methodology used in the study could be applied to other songs (see also 411).

407. JFSS 5 (1915): 149-160.

• Songs of soldier life, though probably not really soldiers’ songs.

408. Palmer, Roy. The Rambling Soldier: Life in the Lower Ranks, 1750-1900, Through Soldiers’ Songs and Writings. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1977. Rpt. Gloucester: Alan Sutton, 1985.

• Songs about soldiers and some probably sung by them, with background information.

409. Palmer, Roy. ‘What a Lovely War!’ British Soldiers’ Songs from the Boer War to the Present Day. London: Michael Joseph, 1990.

• Something of a pioneering collection, based on songs solicited from people who recalled singing them in the army, complemented by a cassette released by Veteran Tapes [VT121].

410. Thomas, Gerald. ‘"McCaffery": A Soldier’s Song of Protest’. Lore and Language 1/7 (1972): 15-19.

• Discusses a version of the song known in the army, where it was sung by soldiers as a song of discontent, and was considered to tell a true story (see also 407).

411. Winstock, Lewis. Songs & Music of the Redcoats: A History of the War Music of the British Army 1642-1902. London: Leo Cooper, 1970.

• A standard collection of army songs from the Civil War to the Boer War.

 7.5. Songs of agricultural work

Palmer, Roy, ed. The Painful Plough: A Portrait of the Agricultural Labourer in the Nineteenth Century from Folk Songs and Ballads and Contemporary Accounts. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1973.

Songs about various aspects of agricultural life, with background material.

412. Pickering, Michael. ‘The Farmworker and "The Farmer’s Boy"’. Lore and Language 3/9 (1983): 44-64.

• Maintains that the popularity of this most celebrated of songs about agricultural work is multi-faceted, not just expressing nostalgia and wish-fulfilment but also collective pride, against a background of low esteem for farmworkers.

413. Powell, Lucy A. ‘Hiring Fairs and Songs About Them’. Images, Identities and Ideologies. Ed. John M. Kirk and Colin Neilands. Papers from the 22nd International Ballad Conference, Belfast, 29 June-3 July 1992. Lore and Language 12: 187-205. Enfield Lock: Hisarlik Press, 1994: 187-205.

• An introduction to songs relating to the fairs at which agricultural workers were hired for the season’s work.

8. Travellers’ songs

In England, unlike Scotland, the rich singing traditions of gypsies and travellers have remained comparatively unknown (although more have been recorded than have been published), presumably reflecting the social distance at which these people are still largely kept.

Cross-references: Some songs are also included in a brief discussion of some English gypsy singers (70).

414. Carroll, Jim. ‘Irish Travellers Around London’. FMJ 3 (1975): 31-40.

• Three songs, together with a discussion of collecting among Irish travellers in the London area (see also 45).

415. Gillington, Alice E. Songs of the Open Road: Didakei Ditties & Gypsy Dances. Music arranged and adapted by Dowsett Sellars. London: Joseph Williams, 1911.

• Songs from travellers, some of them in the Romany language, collected in Hampshire.

416. MacColl, Ewan, and Peggy Seeger. Travellers’ Songs from England and Scotland. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1977.

• One of the most representative collections of travellers’ songs, with some bias towards Scotland (and, incidentally, probably MacColl’s most lasting contribution to folk song research).

417. Richards, Sam. ‘Westcountry Gipsies: Key Songs and Community Identity’. Everyday Culture: Popular Song and the Vernacular Milieu. Ed. Michael Pickering and Tony Green. Milton Keynes: Open University Press, 1987: 125-149.

• An analysis of a particular song, ‘The Highwayman Outwitted’, which considers its immediate cultural significance for gypsies, and also raises broader questions about the cultural interventions involved in song collecting.

418. Yates, Michael. ‘English Gypsy Songs’. FMJ 3 (1975): 63-80.

• A small selection of the large number of songs which have been recorded from English gypsies by Mike Yates.

9. Carols

Carols sung at certain times of the year, especially at Christmas, have formed a significant part of the English folk song tradition, and are still actively sung in the south Pennine district and also in the west country. The items listed below cover living carol traditions and also religious songs in print and manuscripts going back to medieval times.

The religious or carol-ballads, which relate various apocryphal Christian legends, and certain other religious songs which are less definitely associated with a particular season of the year, are covered in the section on song research (188, 189, 192, 193, 199, 209, 214).

Cross-references: Some carols are also included in more general song collections (e.g. 221, 231, 291, 293). The demise of church bands, which is related to the movement of carol-singing out of the church, is studied by Gammon (101).

419. Brice, Douglas. The Folk-Carol of England. London: Herbert Jenkins, 1967.

• A survey of songs, from medieval times onwards, which relate to the Christmas story, the Holy Family, and the Life of Christ, largely reliant on printed sources.

420. Davies, Gwilym, and Roy Palmer, eds. Let Us Be Merry: Traditional Christmas Songs and Carols from Gloucestershire. Lechlade: Green Branch Press, 1996.

• Seasonal songs from traditional sources.

421. Gammon, Vic. ‘"Hail Happy Morn": Two Sussex Church Band Carols in Old Harmony’. ED&S 49/3 (1987): 11-13.

• Two carols from before the time of the demise of church bands (see 101).

422. Gillington, Alice E., ed. Old Christmas Carols of the Southern Counties. London: Curwen, 1910.

• Sixteen carols, from oral sources, chiefly in Surrey and Hampshire.

423. Greene, Richard Leighton, ed. The Early English Carols. 2nd ed. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1977.

• The standard edition of early carols, primarily from manuscripts, with an extensive scholarly introduction and notes.

424. Husk, William Henry, ed. Songs of the Nativity; Being Christmas Carols, Ancient and Modern, Several of Which Appear for the First Time in a Collection. London: John Camden Hotten, [1868].

• Some eighty carols from a variety of sources.

425. JFSS 4 (1910): 3-51.

• Carols from Herefordshire collected by Ella M. Leather, with notes on ‘The Bitter Withy’ by A. G. Gilchrist and Lucy Broadwood (see also 188, 192, 199, 214).

426. JFSS 5 (1916), 316-23.

• A small collection of carols from Cornwall collected by Harry E. Piggott.

427. Keyte, Hugh, and Andrew Parrott, eds. The New Oxford Book of Carols. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992.

• Includes substantial numbers of traditional carols (although the south Pennine tradition is somewhat under-represented).

428. Rimbault, Edward Francis. A Collection of Old Christmas Carols, with the Tunes to Which They Are Sung, Chiefly Traditional; Together with a Few of More Modern Date. London: Chappell, [1863].

• A wide selection of carols, although Rimbault’s editing is regarded with suspicion.

429. Routley, Erik. The English Carol. London: Herbert Jenkins, 1958.

• A study of the history of English carol singing from medieval times.

430. Russell, Ian. ‘Carol-Singing in the Sheffield Area’. Lore and Language 1/3 (1970): 12-15.

• A concise introduction to carol-singing in the Sheffield area.

431. Russell, Ian. ‘A Survey of a Christmas Singing Tradition in South Yorkshire - 1970’. Lore and Language, 1/8 (1973): 13-25.

• Presents detailed results of a survey of the south Yorkshire carol-singing tradition.

432. Russell, Ian, ed.: 

A Song for the Time: Village Carols from the Black Bull, Ecclesfield. Unstone: Village Carols, 1987 [VC001].

 Arise, Rejoice and Sing! Village Carols from the Blue Ball Inn, Worrall. Unstone: Village Carols, 1988 [VC002].

 While Shepherds Watched: Village Carols from the Fountain, Ingbirchworth. Unstone: Village Carols, 1988 [VC003].

 The Bells of Paradise: Village Carols from Castleton in the Derbyshire Peak. Unstone: Village Carols, 1990 [VC004].

 Peace O’er the World: Village Carols from Hathersage in the Peak District. Unstone: Village Carols, 1992 [VC005].

To Celebrate Christmas: Village Carols from The Traveller's Rest, Oughtibridge. Unstone: Village Carols, 1993 [VC006].

 On this Delightful Morn: Village Carols from Foolow in the Peak District. Unstone: Village Carols, 1994 [VC007].

 Come Sing for the Season: Village Carols from Coal Aston in Derbyshire. Unstone: Village Carols, 1995 [VC008].

 Hark, Hark! What News: Village Carols from the Royal Hotel, Dungworth. Unstone: Village Carols, 1996 [VC009].

 Brightest and Best: Village Carols from Beeston in Nottinghamshire. Unstone: Village Carols, 1997 [VC010].

• A continuing and authoritative series of meticulously researched booklets, which record and describe in great depth the carol traditions of the south Pennine area, as well as printing carol texts and tunes. Each is accompanied by a cassette and/or CD (the numbers of which are given in square brackets above). The series is a model of fieldwork and publication.

433. Russell, Ian:

 A Festival of Village Carols: Sixteen Carols from the Mount-Dawson Manuscripts, Worrall. Unstone, Sheffield: Village Carols, 1994.

 A Festival of Village Carols: A Second Collection of Carols from the Mount-Dawson Manuscripts. Unstone: Village Carols, 1996.

• Editions for singing from manuscripts of carols from the south Pennine tradition.

434. Sandys, William. Christmas Carols, Ancient and Modern, Including the Most Popular in the West of England, and the Airs to Which They Are Sung. Also Specimens of French Provincial Carols. London: Richard Beckley, 1833.

• Carols from manuscript and printed sources, with a preface on the history of carol singing.

435. Sharp, Cecil J. English Folk-Carols, with Pianoforte Accompaniment and an Introduction and Notes, Collected in Various Parts of England. London: Novello; Simpkin; Taunton: Barnicott and Pearce, 1911.

• A collection of songs associated with Christmas.

436. Studwell, William E., and Dorothy E. Jones. Publishing Glad Tidings: Essays on Christmas Music. Ed. Dorothy E. Jones. Music Reference Services Quarterly 6/4. New York: Haworth Press, 1998.

• A series of biographical notes on some of the pioneer carol-collectors like Davies Gilbert and William Sandys, and others such as Ralph Vaughan Williams and Percy Dearmer.

437. ‘Sylvester, Joshua’, ed. A Garland of Christmas Carols, Ancient and Modern. Including Some Never Before Given in Any Collection. London: John Camden Hotten, 1861.

• An interesting collection including broadside carols from Birmingham and Worcester, pseudonymously edited.

438. Townsend, A. D., ed. The Mellstock Carols: Original Settings of Nineteenth-Century Village Carols from the Hardy Family and Puddletown Church Manuscripts. Witney: Serpent Press, 1989.

• A collection of carols associated with Thomas Hardy, which typify the music played and sung in the west galleries of English rural parish churches from around 1690 to 1850, and described by Hardy in Under the Greenwood Tree.

10. Songs associated with customs

Songs are associated with a variety of customs, which usually tend to be considered as a whole. Some very different customary practices which have songs associated with them are included here.

Cross-references: Some of the earliest English song collecting was associated with the custom of wassailing (326), and there are some songs associated with customs in other collections (e.g. 250).

439. Broadwood, Lucy E. ‘Note on the Padstow May Songs and Ceremonies, and Their Possible Significance. JFSS 5 (1916): 328-339.

• Song texts, with some rather antiquarian reflections on origins.

440. Friedman, Albert B. ‘Percy’s Unpublished Wassail Song’. JEFDSS 7 (1952): 17-19.

• A song associated with a Christmas custom around the year 1760.

441. Gammon, Vic. ‘Singing and Popular Funeral Practices in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries’. FMJ 5 (1988): 412-447.

• Describes a lost idiom of traditional funeral hymns, and places them in their historical context.

442. Gatty, Ivor. ‘The Old Tup and Its Ritual’. JEFDSS 5 (1946): 23-30.

• A Christmas custom and song from the north Midlands.

443. Gilchrist, Annie G. ‘Lancashire Pace-Egging Songs Collected by Annie G. Gilchrist’. JFSS 2 (1906): 231-236.

• Songs connected with the Easter custom of pace-egging, which is briefly described.

444. Godman, Stanley. ‘Horn Fair’. JEFDSS 8 (1957): 105-108.

• Discusses a southern English custom and its associated song.

445. Gregson, Keith. ‘"When the Boats Come In": The Songs of a Nineteenth Century Sport’. ED&S 40 (1978): 90-94.

• An account of the custom and songs of boat racing on the River Tyne.

446. Greig, Rory. ‘We Have a Poor Old Horse’. Lore and Language 1/9 (1973): 7-10.

• Documents an animal-disguise, house-visiting custom and its song, from the Sheffield area.

447. Hamer, F. B. ‘May Songs of Bedfordshire’. JEFDSS 9 (1961): 81-90.

• Songs associated with May customs in Bedfordshire, along with some others from the east Midlands.

448. JFSS 5 (1915), 204-214.

• Songs connected with customs, from the north of England.

449. Lamb, Elizabeth. ‘Cornish Wassailing Today’. ED&S 33 (1971): 132-133.

• A brief account of a custom and its accompanying song in 1969.

450. Palmer, Roy, and Jon Raven, eds. The Rigs of the Fair: Popular Sports and Pastimes in the Nineteenth Century Through Songs, Ballads and Contemporary Accounts. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976.

• Songs associated with a variety of traditional ‘pastimes’, from cock-fighting and bull-baiting to wife-selling.

451. Ruddock, Elizabeth. ‘May-Day Songs and Celebrations in Leicestershire and Rutland’. Transactions of the Leicestershire Archaeological and Historical Society 40 (1964-65): 69-84.

• Describes the results of a deliberate effort at collecting in the early 1960s, which recovered sixty songs from thirty villages, some of which are reprinted. Many derive from nineteenth century revivals of May customs, but some are apparently older, and most of those reprinted are said probably to go back beyond 1800.

452. Russell, Ian. ‘"Here comes me and our old lass, Short of money and short of brass": A Survey of Traditional Drama in North East Derbyshire, 1970-8’. FMJ 3 (1979): 399-478.

• A comprehensive survey of traditions of drama, including the songs that go with them, among young people in Derbyshire.

453. Willey, G. R. ‘The Wassail Tradition at Curry Rivel’. Folklore 89 (1978): 60-65.

• Describes this Somerset custom and prints two versions of the wassail song.

11. Children’s songs

Children’s songs have not been very widely considered by folk song scholars, although elements of song come into many of the children’s traditions which are studied in the well-known works of Iona and Peter Opie (some of which are listed below). Children, however, are significant carriers of traditional song, and songs such as classical ballads can be identified in children’s singing.

Cross-references: Children’s songs are also included in some other song collections (e.g. 248, 269).

454. Barlow, Jeremy. ‘Eleven Nursery Songs from a Plymouth Family’. ED&S 59/1 (1997): 2-4.

• A selection of unusual rhymes and songs not in the Opies’ collection, from a family hailing from the Plymouth area.

455. Beck, Ervin. ‘Rhymes and Songs for Halloween and Bonfire Night’. Lore and Language 4/2 (1985): 1-17.

• A study with songs, based on a survey of Sheffield schoolchildren.

456. Browne, John Paddy. ‘Songs of the Street Children’. ED&S 29 (1967): 116-118.

• A brief account of children’s singing.

457. Gilchrist, Annie G. ‘Note on the Traditional Singing Game "Romans and English"’. JFSS 4 (1910): 67-73.

• Includes the text of the singing-game, along with a highly speculative inquiry into its origins.

458. Gilchrist, Annie G. ‘Note on the "Lady Drest in Green" and Other Fragments of Tragic Ballads and Folk-Tales Preserved Amongst Children’. JFSS 6 (1919): 80-90.

• A study of the way in which some of the classical ballads survive, in altered form, among children.

459. Gilchrist, Anne G. ‘A Nursery Song and Two Game Songs’. JEFDSS 3 (1937), 120-125.

• Includes the song ‘Soldier, Will You Marry Me?’

460. Gomme, Alice Bertha. The Traditional Games of England, Scotland, and Ireland with Tunes, Singing-Rhymes, and Methods of Playing According to the Variants Extant and Recorded in Different Parts of the Kingdom. 2 vols. London: David Nutt, 1894-98. Rpt. New York: Dover, 1964.

• A standard collection of children’s games, among which are numbers of singing-games.

461. Hubbard, Jane A. ‘Children’s Traditional Games from Birdsedge: Clapping Songs and Their Notation’. FMJ 4 (1982): 246-264.

• A description of some children’s songs from Yorkshire, along with a method devised for recording the actions that accompany them.

462. JFSS 5 (1915): 221-239.

• Three children’s game-songs with notes and discussions of their origins.

463. Kelsey, N. G. N. ‘When They Were Young Girls: A Singing Game Through the Century’. Folklore 92 (1981): 104-109.

• Traces variations in the tradition of the singing-game which usually begins ‘When I was a young girl’.

464. Opie, Iona and Peter, eds. The Oxford Dictionary of Nursery Rhymes. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1951.

• The standard reference work for nursery rhymes, providing texts from manuscript, print, and oral tradition, along with a wealth of detail on the histories and possible interpretations of the various rhymes, and an authoritative introduction.

465. Opie, Iona and Peter. ‘The Preservation of Folk Song Texts in Juvenile Literature’. JEFDSS 6 (1951): 92-96.

• A brief survey of songs recorded in early children’s literature.

466. Opie, Iona and Peter. The Singing Game. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1985.

• The standard work on singing-games, which also traces their history.

467. Sanders, Jean B. ‘The Ballads as a Source of Nursery Rhymes’. Midwest Folklore 8 (1958): 189-198.

• Traces interesting connections between classical ballads and the rhymes that are taught to children.

12. Bibliographies, databases, and other aids to research

Besides the conventional library catalogues, the VWML contains a Song Index and a Sound Index. The Song Index lists songs by title, and provides references for their occurrence both in collections and in pieces of song research. The Sound Index lists recordings, both by song title and also by performer.

The cross-disciplinary nature of folk song research and its neglect by the academic establishment has meant that there is no single comprehensive bibliographical resource. Relevant academic journals are, however, indexed in the MLA Bibliography. Nevertheless, the aids to research listed below, which include items in both printed and electronic formats, provide a powerful set of tools for identifying and locating songs and research materials.

In addition, a number of on-line resources are beginning to become available, and various sites on the World Wide Web on the Internet are listed in Section 13 below.

468. Atkinson, David (with Tom Cheesman). ‘A Child Ballad Study Guide with Select Bibliography and Discography’. Ballads into Books: The Legacies of Francis James Child. Ed. Tom Cheesman and Sigrid Rieuwerts. Selected Papers from the 26th International Ballad Conference (SIEF Ballad Commission), Swansea, Wales, 19-24 July 1996. Bern: Peter Lang, 1997: 259-280.

• A brief survey of ballad scholarship, especially recent trends, with a substantial (though not annotated) bibliography and a short discography, essentially restricted in scope to the Child ballads.

469. Dean-Smith, Margaret. A Guide to English Folk Song Collections 1822-1952, with an Index to Their Contents, Historical Annotations and an Introduction. Liverpool: University Press of Liverpool in association with the EFDSS, 1954.

• An invaluable guide to the often convoluted publishing history of English folk song collections from the early nineteenth to the mid-twentieth centuries; also includes an index of songs keyed to the collections.

470. Folk Song in: Journal of the Folk Song Society 1899-1931; Journal of the English Folk Dance and Song Society 1932-1964; Folk Music Journal 1965-1978. Library Leaflet, No 11. London: VWML, 1979.

• A listing of items concerning folk song (both collections and research work) in the journals; especially useful since in the early journals items often appear without a conventional author and title.

471. O’Brien, Jane. The Grainger English Folk Song Collection. Nedlands, WA: Department of Music, University of Western Australia, 1985.

• A detailed catalogue and index to the collection of English folk songs made by Percy Grainger.

472. Porter, James. The Traditional Music of Britain and Ireland. New York: Garland, 1989.

• An extensive bibliography, the subject of which is traditional music rather than song as such.

473. Richmond, W. Edson. Ballad Scholarship: An Annotated Bibliography. New York: Garland, 1989.

• An impressive, annotated guide to international ballad research.

474. Rollins, Hyder E. An Analytical Index to the Ballad-Entries (1557-1709) in the Registers of the Company of Stationers of London. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1924.

• An invaluable reference guide to early broadside publication, especially useful for dating such items.

475. Roud, Steve. Folksong Index and Broadside Index.

• Roud’s invaluable electronic databases have been massively expanded since the first edition of this bibliography. They now contain many thousands of entries, and each song type has an individual Roud number. Up-to-date versions can be consulted at the VWML; for information concerning the availability of the indexes also contact the VWML.

476. Würzbach, Natascha, and Simone M. Salz. Motif Index of the Child Corpus: The English and Scottish Popular Ballad. Translated by Gayna Walls. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1995.

• A guide to the Child ballads, with summaries of them, though these are restricted to the versions that appear in Child. It is not, however, keyed to other motif indexes, and some of the motifs are defined in a very general way, which means that it works quite effectively as a subject index.

13. Websites

 There are by now numerous folk song and ballad sites on the World Wide Web on the Internet, and it is not always easy to separate the wheat from the chaff. The following sites may prove useful, but no guide to on-line resources can guarantee to remain up to date.

477. 26th International Ballad Conference Links Page. URL: http://www.swan.ac.uk/german/ballad/conflink.htm

• Provides an excellent range of ready links to sites of relevance to ballad and folk song scholarship.

478. Graebe, Martin. Sabine Baring-Gould and the Folk Songs of South-West England. URL: http://www.btinternet.com/~greenjack/sbghome.html

• Interesting information on Sabine Baring-Gould, with graphics, songs, and descriptions of his folk song collections.

479. Mudcat Café, The. The Digital Tradition Folk Song Database. URL: http://www.mudcat.org/folksearch.html

• Gives access to over 6500 song texts and tunes.

480. Musical Traditions. URL: http://www.mustrad.org.uk/index.htm

• An extensive magazine in electronic format, which contains much material of interest relating to traditional singing and revivals. In particular, Musical Traditions is re-publishing Keith Summers’ extensive article on traditional music in east Suffolk, ‘Sing, Say or Pay!’ (64), complete with graphics, and an updated discography. There is also the text of a provocative thesis on ‘The British Folk Revival’ by Mike Brocken, written from the perspective of popular music studies. In addition, Musical Traditions has made space available to the Traditional Song Forum, a group open to all researchers, collectors, and others with an interest in traditional song.

481. Nail, Martin. English Folk and Traditional Music on the Internet: A Guide to Resources. URL: http://web.ukonline.co.uk/martin.nail/Folkmus.htm

• Provides many useful links to sites relevant to English folk music and dance.

482. Preston, Cathy Lynn. A ‘Working’ KWIC Concordance to Francis James Child’s The English and Scottish Popular Ballads (1882-1898). URL: http://www.Colorado.Edu/ArtsSciences/CCRH/Ballads/ballads.html

• An experimental concordance to all of the texts printed in The English and Scottish Popular Ballads. Potentially, the concordance is of very great interest to textual scholars, although it is in need of further development before it can be easily used.

483. Waltz, Robert B., and David G. Engle, eds. The Traditional Ballad Index: An Annotated Bibliography of the Folk Songs of the English-Speaking World. URL: http://www.csufresno.edu/folklore/BalladIndexTOC.html

• Enables searching for songs by keywords, and provides some background information and references to a limited range of song collections (many of them North American).

14. Manuscript collections in the VWML

The VWML holds either the originals or copies, some of which are on microfilm, of numerous folk song manuscript collections. The major collectors are listed below.

The library also holds copies of important sound collections, including those of Percy Grainger, Fred Hamer, Mike Yates, and the BBC folk music collection.

Albino, H. Hurlbutt.

Baring-Gould, Sabine.

Blunt, Janet Heatley.

Broadwood, Lucy E.

Butterworth, George.

Carey, Clive.

Carpenter, James Madison.

Collinson, Francis M.

Gardiner, George B.

Gilchrist, Anne Geddes.

Grainger, Percy.

Hamer, Fred.

Hammond, Henry and Robert.

Karpeles, Maud.

Kidson, Frank.

Leather, Ella Mary.

Sharp, Cecil.

Vaughan Williams, Ralph.

Author/editor/name index

Note: numbers in the index refer to the item numbers in the bibliography (not page numbers); the index also includes titles for works lacking designated authors. The page numbers in this index refer to the printed version of this text which is available from the Vaughan Williams Memorial Library at a cost of £4.50.

26th International Ballad Conference Links Page 479

Abrahams, Roger D. 73, 74

Albino, H. Hurlbutt 24, 486

 Allan’s Illustrated Edition of Tyneside Songs and Readings 264

Allen, J. W. 168

Andersen, Flemming G. 75, 76, 77, 169

Andrews, Colin 325

Armstrong, Frankie 1, 41, 234

Arnold, Bob 71

Arthur, Dave 42

Ashton, John 339, 387

Atkinson, David 78, 79, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 470

Attrill, George 67

Baer, Joel H. 176

Baker, Ronald L. 80

Baldwin, John R. 286

Baring-Gould, Sabine 43, 78, 255, 313, 319, 480, 487

Barlow, Jeremy 456

Barrett, Wm. Alexr. 218

Barry, Phillips 81, 158

Bayard, Samuel P. 159, 160, 177

Bearman, C. J. 22

Beck, Ervin 457

Bell, John 265, 268

Bell, Robert 219, 220

Bennett, Anthony 178

Berry, Barbara 287

Bidgood, Z. D. M. 340

Bird, S. Elizabeth 179

Bishop, Julia C. 23, 161

Black, Joan 348

Blann, Michael 325

Blunt, Janet Heatley 35, 128, 289, 290, 488

Boardman, Harry 271, 272

Boardman, Lesley 271

Bohlman, Philip V. 82

Bolton, W. 391

Boyes, Georgina 2, 83

Bradtke, Elaine 24

Bratton, J. S. 84

Brice, Douglas 421

Broadwood, Lucy E. 22, 221, 222, 236, 427, 441, 489

Broadwood, Rev. John 326

Brocken, Mike 482

Brocklebank, Joan 314

Bronson, Bertrand H. 162, 223, 224

Browne, John Paddy 327, 458

Bruce, J. Collingwood 266

Buchan, David 85, 86, 87

Burne, Charlotte Sophia 288

Burrison, John 180

Burstow, Henry 44, 236

Bussell, F. W. 313

Butterworth, George 27, 228, 328, 335, 490

Callow, Bartholomew 60

Carey, Clive 491

Carpenter, James Madison 23, 79, 161, 399, 492

Carroll, Jim 45, 416

Cartwright, Christine A. 181

Catnach, James 347

Cazden, Norman 163

Chappell, W. 225, 360

Cheesman, Tom 470

Child, Francis James 78, 125, 142, 226

Clare, John 28

Clark, Andrew 341

Clissold, Ivor 25

Cobbett, William 114

Coffin, Tristram Potter 88, 182

Collinson, Francis M. 49, 227, 235, 493

Collison, Robert 342

Colls, Robert 400

Copper, Bob 46, 47, 48, 329

Copper family 54, 329

Costello, Cecilia 55, 292, 294

Cox, Gordon 3, 405

Cox, Harry 49, 235

Cra’ster, Barbara M. 183

Crawhall, Joseph 267

Dallas, Karl 370, 406

Davies, Gwilym 26, 50, 422

Dawney, Michael 27, 228, 371, 401

Dawson, Brian 284

Day, W. G. 343

Deacon, George 28

Dean-Smith, Margaret 471

Dearnley, Dorothy 273

Dillon, Francis 227

Dixon, James Henry 220, 229

Doel, Fran and Geoff 51

Donatelli, Joseph M. P. 89

Doughty, Johnny 52

Driscoll, Ray 50

Dugaw, Dianne M. 90, 91, 92

Dunn, George 55, 57, 294, 295

Dunn, Ginette 69, 93

Dunstan, Ralph 315, 316

D’Urfey, T. 230

Dyck, C. Ian 114

Easthope, Antony 94

Ebsworth, J. Woodfall 360, 363

Eckstorm, Fannie Hardy 158

Elbourne, Roger 95, 96, 97

Elliott, Jack 401

Engle, David G. 485

 Euing Collection of English Broadside Ballads 344

 Folk song in: JFSS; JEFDSS; FMJ 472

Ford, Amy 58

Forshaw, Chas. F. 277

Foss, George 74

Fowler, David C. 98, 184

Fox Strangways, A. H. 4

Foxworthy, Tony 290

Francmanis, John Valdis 5

Fraser, Doug 53

Friedman, Albert B. 99, 100, 442

Furnivall, Frederick J. 345

Gammon, Vic 6, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 185, 186, 423, 443

Gardham, Steve 187, 278

Gardiner, George B. 36, 253, 255, 330, 334, 494

Gatty, Ivor 444

Gerould, Gordon Hall 106, 188

Gilbert, Davies 231

Gilchrist, Anne Geddes 189, 190, 191, 391, 427, 445, 459, 460, 461, 495

Gillington, Alice E. 331, 417, 424

Gilpin, Sidney 274

Godman, Stanley 446

Goldstein, Kenneth S. 107

Gomme, Alice Bertha 462

Graebe, Martin 480

Grainger, Percy 26, 29, 40, 240, 261, 281, 283, 473, 496

Graves, Janet M. 192

Green, Tony 53, 108, 133, 407

Greene, Richard Leighton 193, 425

Greenhill, Pauline 109, 110

Gregson, John 405

Gregson, Keith 447

Greig, Rory 30, 448

Gundry, Inglis 317

Hales, John W. 345

Hamer, Fred 232, 233, 449, 497

Hammond, H. E. D. 255, 318

Hammond, Henry and Robert 37, 253, 255, 314, 318, 322, 498

Handle, Johnny 402

Harding, Mike 275

Hardy, Thomas 440

Harker, Dave 7, 8, 194, 264, 265, 346, 403

Harland, John 276

Harvey, Richard 111

Henderson, Kathy 234

Hepple, Thomas 268

Hill, Rev. Geoffry 291

Hills, Henry 332, 336

Hindley, Charles 347, 372

Hingston, Bill 61

Hitchcock, Gordon 319

Hodgart, M. J. C. 112

Holloway, John 344, 348

Holme Valley Beagles Hunt 279

Holzapfel, Otto 77

Howard, Arthur 145, 146

Howkins, Alun 113, 114

Howson, John 303

Hubbard, Jane A. 463

Hughes, Meirion 18

Hugill, Stan 388, 389, 390

Hunt, Robert 320

 Hunters’ Songs 279

Husk, William Henry 426

Hustvedt, Sigurd Bernhard 115, 116

Jones, Dorothy E. 438

Karpeles, Maud 9, 117, 259, 260, 499

Kelsey, N. G. N. 465

Kendall, Tony 31

Kennedy, Peter 49, 246

Kerr, Sandra 234

Keyte, Hugh 429

Kidson, Frank 5, 33, 237, 239, 247, 280, 500

Kindersley, Biddie 314

Kinsey, Terry L. 394

Knapman, Zinnia 349

Knight, Stephen 195, 350

Lamb, Elizabeth 451

Leather, Ella Mary 293, 427, 501

Lee, Kate 32

Lloyd, A. L. 54, 105, 118, 119, 123, 262, 387, 404

Long, Eleanor 196, 197

Lundgren, Tim 198

Lyons, James 108

McCabe, Mary Diane 199

McCarthy, Michael 45

MacColl, Ewan 10, 258, 374, 418

MacKinnon, Niall 11

MacLeod, Morag 13

 Madden Collection of Broadsides 351

Maitland, J. A. Fuller 222

Marson, Charles L. 324

Mason, M. H. 248

Maynard, George 63

Merrick, Percy 332, 336

Middleton, Richard 12

Mitsui, Tori 164

Moeran, E. J. 307, 308, 309

Moreira, James 120

Mudcat Café 481

Munro, Ailie 13

 Musical Traditions 482

Nagy, Joseph Falaky 200

Nail, Martin 483

Nettl, Bruno 121

Niles, John DeWitt 201

Nygard, Holger Olof 122, 202

O’Brien, Jane 473

O’Shaughnessy, Patrick 281, 282, 283, 284

Occomore, David 310, 311

Olson, Ian 32

Opie, Iona and Peter 466, 467, 468

Palmer, Roy 33, 34, 55, 56, 57, 123, 124, 125, 203, 204, 249, 250, 251, 252, 272, 294, 295, 296, 375, 376, 377, 395, 396, 409, 410, 413, 422, 452

Pape, John 284

Pardon, Walter 217, 386

Parker, David 205

Parker, Harbison 206

Parker, Martin 355

Parrott, Andrew 429

Patten, Bob and Jacqueline 58, 323

Pearson, Brian 1, 41

Pegg, Bob 59

Pegg, Carole A. 126

Pepys, Samuel 176, 343, 357, 359

Percy, Thomas 349, 352, 354, 442

Perring, John 393

Pettitt, Thomas 77, 127, 169

Pickering, Michael 35, 60, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 414

Piggott, Harry E. 393, 428

Pinto, Vivian de Sola 353

Piper, Ken 297

Pitts, John 362

Polwarth, Gwen Marchant 268, 269, 270

Polwarth, Mary 269, 270

Porter, Gerald 14, 134, 135, 165, 207, 378, 379, 380, 381, 382, 383, 384

Porter, James 136, 137, 138, 139, 474

Powell, Lucy A. 415

Powers, Harold S. 166

Preston, Cathy Lynn 140, 484

Price, Laurence 346

Purslow, Frank 36, 37, 38, 253

Raven, Jon 298, 299, 385, 452

Raven, Michael 300

Ravenscroft, Thomas 340

Reeves, James 254, 255

Renwick, Roger de V. 141

Richards, Sam 61, 256, 419

Richmond, W. Edson 475

Rieuwerts, Sigrid 142, 143

Rimbault, Edward Francis 354, 430

Roberts, Bob 42, 62

Robinson, Captain John 56

Rodway, Allan Edwin 353

Rollins, Hyder Edward 355, 356, 357, 358, 359, 476

Rosenberg, Neil V. 15

Roud, Steve 477

Routley, Erik 431

Rowland, Mary 208

 Roxburgh Ballads 360, 363

Royston, Pamela L. 209

Ruddock, Elizabeth 453

Russell, Dave 16

Russell, Ian 144, 145, 146, 147, 432, 433, 434, 435, 454

Salz, Simone M. 478

Sanders, Jean B. 469

Sandys, William 436

Sedley, Stephen 257

Seeger, Peggy 10, 258, 418

Sharp, Cecil 3, 4, 9, 148, 241, 244, 254, 259, 260, 321, 324, 392, 397, 437, 502

Shepard, Leslie 361, 362

Sheppard, H. Fleetwood 313

Shields, Hugh 210

Shuldiner, David 149

Simpson, Claude M. 167, 363

Slocombe, Marie 292

Smith, John L. 17

Smith, Len 301

Smith, Paul S. 285

Smith, Vic 52

Smyth, Mary Winslow 158

Spalding, David A. E. 285

Spratley, Philip 311

Spufford, Margaret 364

Stallybrass, Peter 186

Stewart, Polly 150

Stokoe, John 266

Stradling, Robert 18

Stubbs, Ken 63, 337

Stubbs, Tish 256

Studwell, William E. 438

Such, Henry Parker 369

Summers, Keith 64, 482

Sutton, Frank 285

Sykes, Richard 19

Sylvester, Joshua 439

Syndergaard, Larry 211

Tanner, Phil 53, 65

Tawney, Cyril 398

Taylor, Archer 212

Thomas, Gerald 411

Thomas, John Ormond 65

Thompson, Flora 66, 129

Thompson, Ken 51

Thomson, Robert S. 213, 261, 365

Titland, William J. 214

Toelken, Barre 151, 152, 157, 215

Townsend, A. D. 440

Townsend, George 68

Upton, Harry 72

Vaughan Williams, Ralph 20, 31, 252, 262, 304, 305, 306, 312, 333, 503

Vicinus, Martha 153, 366

Wales, Tony 67, 68, 263, 338

Walser, Robert Young 399

Waltz, Robert B. 485

Watson, Ian 21

Watt, Tessa 367

Webb, Percy 69

Wehse, Rainer 154

Wilgus, D. K. 123, 155, 156, 157, 216

Wilkinson, T. T. 276

Willey, G. R. 455

Williams, Alfred 25, 38, 287, 302

Winstock, Lewis 412

Würzbach, Natascha 368, 478

Yates, Michael 39, 40, 70, 71, 72, 217, 369, 386, 420